Blankevoort L, Huiskes R, de Lange A
Biomechanics Section, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
J Biomech Eng. 1991 Feb;113(1):94-103. doi: 10.1115/1.2894090.
On the basis of earlier reported data on the in vitro kinematics of passive knee-joint motions of four knee specimens, the length changes of ligament fiber bundles were determined by using the points of insertion on the tibia and femur. The kinematic data and the insertions of the ligaments were obtained by using Roentgenstereophotogrammetry. Different fiber bundles of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments and the medial and lateral collateral ligaments were identified. On the basis of an assumption for the maximal strain of each ligament fiber bundle during the experiments, the minimal recruitment length and the probability of recruitment were defined and determined. The motions covered the range from extension to 95 degrees flexion and the loading conditions included internal or external moments of 3 Nm and anterior or posterior forces of 30 N. The ligament length and recruitment patterns were found to be consistent for some ligament bundles and less consistent for other ligament bundles. The most posterior bundle of each ligament was recruited in extension and the lower flexion angles, whereas the anterior bundle was recruited for the higher flexion angles. External rotation generally recruited the collateral ligaments, while internal rotation recruited the cruciate ligaments. However, the anterior bundle of the posterior cruciate ligament was recruited with external rotation at the higher flexion angles. At the lower flexion angles, the anterior cruciate and the lateral collateral ligaments were recruited with an anterior force. The recruitment of the posterior cruciate ligament with a posterior force showed that neither its most anterior nor its most posterior bundle was recruited at the lower flexion angles. Hence, the posterior restraint must have been provided by the intermediate fiber bundles, which were not considered in the experiment. At the higher flexion angles, the anterior bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament and the posterior cruciate ligament were found to be recruited with anterior and posterior forces, respectively. The minimal recruitment length and the recruitment probability of ligament fiber bundles are useful parameters for the evaluation of ligament length changes in those experiments where no other method can be used to determine the zero strain lengths, ligament strains and tensions.
基于先前报道的四个膝关节标本被动膝关节运动的体外运动学数据，通过使用韧带在胫骨和股骨上的附着点来确定韧带纤维束的长度变化。运动学数据和韧带的附着点通过X射线立体摄影测量法获得。确定了前交叉韧带、后交叉韧带以及内外侧副韧带的不同纤维束。基于实验过程中每个韧带纤维束的最大应变假设，定义并确定了最小募集长度和募集概率。运动范围从伸展到屈曲95度，加载条件包括3 Nm的内力矩或外力矩以及30 N的前向或后向力。发现一些韧带束的韧带长度和募集模式是一致的，而其他韧带束的则不太一致。每条韧带最靠后的纤维束在伸展和较低屈曲角度时被募集，而靠前的纤维束在较高屈曲角度时被募集。外旋通常会募集副韧带，而内旋会募集交叉韧带。然而，后交叉韧带靠前的纤维束在较高屈曲角度时会在外旋时被募集。在较低屈曲角度时，前交叉韧带和外侧副韧带在受到前向力时被募集。后交叉韧带在受到后向力时的募集情况表明，在较低屈曲角度时，其最靠前和最靠后的纤维束均未被募集。因此，后向约束必定是由实验中未考虑的中间纤维束提供的。在较高屈曲角度时，发现前交叉韧带和后交叉韧带靠前的纤维束分别在受到前向力和后向力时被募集。在那些无法使用其他方法来确定零应变长度、韧带应变和张力的实验中，韧带纤维束的最小募集长度和募集概率是评估韧带长度变化的有用参数。
