Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Feb;1187:247-75. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05147.x.
Drugs of abuse are typically discussed in terms of their rewarding effects and how these effects mediate drug taking. However, these drugs produce aversive effects that could have an important role in the overall acceptability of a drug and its likelihood of being self-administered. Rewarding and aversive effects, then, could be interpreted as separate behavioral effects, with the balance of the two determining overall drug acceptability. Interestingly, the role of aversive effects on drug acceptability in the self-administration preparation has received limited attention in this context. This chapter examines the aversive effects of drugs and discusses their role in drug taking. If these aversive effects serve a protective function, manipulations that alter or decrease these effects could have implications for drug taking. Several factors have been reported to alter conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning, a preparation used in the assessment of the aversive effects of drugs in general. Two of these factors, drug history and strain, are reviewed here. By reviewing these, we intend to demonstrate the protective nature of aversive effects in the initiation and escalation of drug taking and to provide evidence that reductions in aversive effects could produce changes in patterns of drug self-administration that could lead to an increased vulnerability to abuse drugs by altering the reward-aversion balance. The aim of this chapter is not to question the importance of rewarding effects in self-administration but rather to provide evidence that aversive effects are an important factor that needs to be considered in discussions of drug-taking behavior.
滥用药物通常根据其奖赏效应以及这些效应如何介导药物使用来讨论。然而，这些药物会产生厌恶效应，这可能在药物的整体可接受性及其被自我给药的可能性方面发挥重要作用。那么，奖赏效应和厌恶效应可以被解释为独立的行为效应，两者的平衡决定了药物的整体可接受性。有趣的是，在自我给药准备中，厌恶效应对药物可接受性的作用在这方面受到的关注有限。本章探讨了药物的厌恶效应及其在药物使用中的作用。如果这些厌恶效应起到了保护作用，那么改变或减少这些效应的操作可能会对药物使用产生影响。有几个因素被报道可以改变条件性味觉厌恶（CTA）学习，这是一种用于评估药物一般厌恶效应的准备。这里回顾了其中两个因素，药物史和品系。通过回顾这些，我们旨在证明厌恶效应在药物使用的开始和升级中的保护性质，并提供证据表明，减少厌恶效应可能会导致药物自我给药模式的变化，从而通过改变奖赏-厌恶平衡增加滥用药物的易感性。本章的目的不是质疑奖赏效应在自我给药中的重要性，而是提供证据表明，厌恶效应是一个需要在药物使用行为讨论中考虑的重要因素。
