WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Department of Public Health, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
J Int AIDS Soc. 2010 Jan 15;13:2. doi: 10.1186/1758-2652-13-2.
Back in 1987, the World Health Organization (WHO) concluded that the screening of international travellers was an ineffective way to prevent the spread of HIV. However, some countries still restrict the entrance and/or residency of foreigners with an HIV infection. HIV-related travel restrictions have serious implications for individual and public health, and violate internationally recognized human rights. In this study, we reviewed the current situation regarding HIV-related travel restrictions in the 53 countries of the WHO European Region.
We retrieved the country-specific information chiefly from the Global Database on HIV Related Travel Restrictions at hivtravel.org. We simplified and standardized the database information to enable us to create an overview and compare countries. Where data was outdated, unclear or contradictory, we contacted WHO HIV focal points in the countries or appropriate non-governmental organizations. The United States Bureau of Consular Affairs website was also used to confirm and complement these data.
Our review revealed that there are no entry restrictions for people living with HIV in 51 countries in the WHO European Region. In 11 countries, foreigners living with HIV applying for long-term stays will not be granted a visa. These countries are: Andorra, Armenia, Cyprus (denies access for non-European Union citizens), Hungary, Kazakhstan, Moldova, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. In Uzbekistan, an HIV-positive foreigner cannot even enter the country, and in Georgia, we were not able to determine whether there were any HIV-related travel restrictions due to a lack of information.
In 32% of the countries in the European Region, either there are some kind of HIV-related travel restrictions or we were unable to determine if such restrictions are in force. Most of these countries defend restrictions as being justified by public health concerns. However, there is no evidence that denying HIV-positive foreigners access to a country is effective in protecting public health. Governments should revise legislation on HIV-related travel restrictions. In the meantime, a joint effort is needed to draw attention to the continuing discrimination and stigmatization of people living with HIV that takes place in those European Region countries where such laws and policies are still in force.
早在 1987 年，世界卫生组织（WHO）就得出结论，对国际旅行者进行筛查是防止 HIV 传播的一种无效方法。然而，一些国家仍然限制感染 HIV 的外国人入境和/或居留。与 HIV 相关的旅行限制对个人和公共卫生都有严重影响，并违反了国际公认的人权。在这项研究中，我们审查了世界卫生组织欧洲区域 53 个国家中与 HIV 相关的旅行限制的现状。
我们主要从 hivtravel.org 上的全球 HIV 相关旅行限制数据库中检索到各国的具体信息。我们简化并标准化了数据库信息，以便能够创建概述并比较各国。对于过时、不清楚或相互矛盾的数据，我们联系了各国的世界卫生组织 HIV 协调人或相关的非政府组织。我们还使用美国领事事务局网站来确认和补充这些数据。
我们的审查显示，在世界卫生组织欧洲区域的 51 个国家中，没有对携带 HIV 的人入境的限制。在 11 个国家中，申请长期居留的携带 HIV 的外国人将不会获得签证。这些国家是：安道尔、亚美尼亚、塞浦路斯（拒绝非欧盟公民入境）、匈牙利、哈萨克斯坦、摩尔多瓦、俄罗斯联邦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦、乌克兰和乌兹别克斯坦。在乌兹别克斯坦，艾滋病毒阳性的外国人甚至不能入境，而在格鲁吉亚，由于缺乏信息，我们无法确定是否存在与 HIV 相关的旅行限制。
在欧洲区域的 32%的国家中，要么存在某种与 HIV 相关的旅行限制，要么我们无法确定是否存在此类限制。这些国家中的大多数都以公共卫生问题为由为这些限制辩护。然而，没有证据表明拒绝感染 HIV 的外国人入境能有效地保护公共卫生。政府应修订与 HIV 相关的旅行限制立法。与此同时，需要共同努力，引起人们对那些仍在实施此类法律和政策的欧洲区域国家中继续存在的针对 HIV 感染者的歧视和污名化的关注。
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