Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
Curr Pharm Des. 2010 May;16(14):1644-53. doi: 10.2174/138161210791164108.
Due to number of problems related with oral, parenteral, rectal and other routes of drug administration, the interest of pharmaceutical scientists has increased towards exploring the possibilities of intranasal delivery of various drugs. Nasal drug delivery system is commonly known for the treatment of local ailments like cold, cough, rhinitis, etc. Efforts have been made to deliver various drugs, especially peptides and proteins, through nasal route for systemic use; utilizing the principles and concepts of various nanoparticulate drug delivery systems using various polymers and absorption promoters. The incorporation of drugs into nanoparticles might be a promising approach, since colloidal formulations have been shown to protect them from the degrading milieu in the nasal cavity and facilitate their transport across the mucosal barriers. The use of nanoparticles for vaccine delivery provides beneficial effect, by achieving good immune responses. This could be due to the fact that small particles can be transported preferentially by the lymphoid tissue of the nasal cavity (NALT). The brain gets benefited through the intranasal delivery as direct olfactory transport bypasses the blood brain barrier and nanoparticles are taken up and conveyed along cell processes of olfactory neurons through the cribriform plate to synaptic junctions with neurons of the olfactory bulb. The intranasal delivery is aimed at optimizing drug bioavailability for systemic drugs, as absorption decreases with increasing molecular weight, and for drugs, which are susceptible to enzymatic degradation such as proteins and polypeptides. This review discusses the potential benefits of using nanoparticles for nasal delivery of drugs and vaccines for brain, systemic and topical delivery. The article aims at giving an insight into nasal cavity, consideration of factors affecting and strategies to improve drug absorption through nasal route, pharmaceutical dosage forms and delivery systems with examples of some patents for intranasal delivery, its advantages and limitations.
由于口服、肠胃外、直肠和其他给药途径存在诸多问题，制药科学家对探索各种药物经鼻腔给药的可能性产生了浓厚的兴趣。鼻腔给药系统通常用于治疗感冒、咳嗽、鼻炎等局部疾病。人们已经努力通过鼻腔途径将各种药物，特别是肽和蛋白质，递送到全身系统，利用各种纳米药物给药系统的原理和概念，使用各种聚合物和吸收促进剂。将药物纳入纳米颗粒可能是一种很有前途的方法，因为胶体制剂已被证明可以保护它们免受鼻腔中降解环境的影响，并促进它们穿过黏膜屏障的运输。纳米颗粒用于疫苗输送具有有益的效果，可实现良好的免疫反应。这可能是因为小颗粒可以优先被鼻腔的淋巴组织（NALT）运输。鼻腔给药使大脑受益，因为直接嗅觉转运绕过血脑屏障，纳米颗粒被摄取并沿着嗅神经元的细胞过程通过筛板传递到与嗅球神经元的突触连接处。鼻腔给药旨在优化全身药物的药物生物利用度，因为随着分子量的增加，吸收会降低，对于容易受到酶降解的药物，如蛋白质和多肽。这篇综述讨论了使用纳米颗粒进行药物和疫苗经鼻腔递送至大脑、全身和局部的潜在益处。本文旨在深入了解鼻腔，考虑影响鼻腔吸收的因素和通过鼻腔途径改善药物吸收的策略，以及鼻腔给药的药物制剂和给药系统，并举例说明一些鼻腔给药的专利，介绍其优缺点。
