Runge V M, Gelblum D Y
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington 40536-0084.
Top Magn Reson Imaging. 1991 Mar;3(2):85-97.
In June 1988 Gd DTPA became the first MR contrast agent to be approved for clinical use in adult patients in the United States. Initial approval was given for its use in imaging of the head. One year later approval was extended to include spine studies. This was soon followed by approval for use in children aged 2 years and older. Research is continuing to expand the applications of Gd DTPA in MR imaging of the musculoskeletal system, abdomen, and in MR angiography. Research is ongoing in the development of new agents, attempting to reduce toxicity, permit increased doses, or target specific organs. Gd DOTA has been in clinical use in Europe for approximately 1 year. Two neutral (nonionic) agents, Gd HP-DO3A and Gd DTPA-BMA, have just completed phase III clinical trials. Mn DPDP and AMI-25 are two targeted compounds that have entered clinical trials. Formulations intended for opacification of the gastrointestinal tract, with both Gd DTPA and magnetic particles, have been evaluated in Europe and in the United States.
1988年6月，钆喷酸葡胺成为美国首个获批用于成年患者临床的磁共振成像造影剂。最初获批用于头部成像。一年后，获批范围扩大至包括脊柱检查。不久之后，两岁及以上儿童也获批使用。关于钆喷酸葡胺在肌肉骨骼系统、腹部磁共振成像及磁共振血管造影中的应用研究仍在继续。新型造影剂的研发工作正在进行，旨在降低毒性、允许增加剂量或靶向特定器官。钆双胺已在欧洲临床使用约一年。两种中性（非离子型）造影剂，钆贝葡胺和钆布醇，刚刚完成III期临床试验。锰福地吡和AMI - 25这两种靶向化合物已进入临床试验阶段。在欧洲和美国，已对用于胃肠道造影的钆喷酸葡胺制剂及磁性颗粒制剂进行了评估。
