Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington, London SW7 2RL, United Kingdom.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Mar 30;107(13):5726-31. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0914797107. Epub 2010 Mar 16.
Italian medieval and Renaissance manuscript cuttings and miniatures from the Victoria and Albert Museum were analyzed by Raman microscopy to compile a database of pigments used in different periods and different Italian regions. The palette identified in most manuscripts and cuttings was found to include lead white, gypsum, azurite, lazurite, indigo, malachite, vermilion, red lead, lead tin yellow (I), goethite, carbon, and iron gall ink. A few of the miniatures, such as the historiated capital "M" painted by Gerolamo da Cremona and the Petrarca manuscript by Bartolomeo Sanvito, are of exceptional quality and were analyzed extensively; some contained unusual materials. The widespread usage of iron oxides such as goethite and hematite as minor components of mixtures with azurite is particularly notable. The use of a needle-shaped form of iron gall ink as a pigment rather than a writing material was established by both Raman microscopy and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for the Madonna and Child by Franco de' Russi.
利用拉曼显微镜分析了来自维多利亚和阿尔伯特博物馆的意大利中世纪和文艺复兴时期的手稿剪纸和微型画，以编译不同时期和不同意大利地区使用的颜料数据库。在大多数手稿和剪纸中发现的调色板包括铅白、石膏、蓝铜矿、青金石、靛蓝、孔雀石、朱砂、红铅、铅锡黄（I）、针铁矿、碳和铁胆墨水。一些微型画，如杰罗拉莫·德拉·克雷莫纳绘制的有饰图画的大写字母“M”和巴特洛梅奥·桑维托的《彼特拉克手稿》，质量非常出色，因此进行了广泛的分析；其中一些包含不寻常的材料。特别值得注意的是，针铁矿和赤铁矿等氧化铁作为与蓝铜矿混合的次要成分被广泛使用。通过拉曼显微镜和 X 射线荧光光谱法，都证实了佛朗哥·德·鲁西的《圣母与圣子》中使用了一种针状的铁胆墨水作为颜料而不是书写材料。
