Martin M
Can Med Assoc J. 1962 Dec 29;87(26):1384-6.
Disaster has phases. It is preceded by warning, ushered in by impact, and followed first by recoil and then by a recovery phase. In a disaster there are six special needs of psychological importance: mothering, group formation, special leadership, traffic control, a case registry, and communication of adequate information. Disaster studies suggest three important psychological first-aid measures: (1) keep people in family groups, (2) encourage "talking out" and (3) provide useful tasks. Such measures are more effective if the helper attitude is adopted. The model for the helper attitude is the good nurse.
灾难有不同阶段。它之前有预警，因冲击而到来，随后首先是反弹阶段，接着是恢复阶段。在灾难中有六个具有心理重要性的特殊需求：照顾、群体形成、特殊领导、交通管制、病例登记以及充分信息的传达。灾难研究提出了三项重要的心理急救措施：（1）让人们保持家庭团聚，（2）鼓励“倾诉”，（3）提供有益的任务。如果采取帮助者的态度，这些措施会更有效。帮助者态度的典范是优秀的护士。
