School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
Water Res. 2010 May;44(10):3214-24. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.02.040. Epub 2010 Mar 6.
The contribution of volatilization, sorption and transformation to the removal of 16 Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in two lab-scale conventional activated sludge reactors, working under nitrifying (aerobic) and denitrifying (anoxic) conditions for more than 1.5 years, have been assessed. Pseudo-first order biological degradation rate constants (k(biol)) were calculated for the selected compounds in both reactors. Faster degradation kinetics were measured in the nitrifying reactor compared to the denitrifying system for the majority of PPCPs. Compounds could be classified according to their k(biol) into very highly (k(biol)>5Lg(SS)(-1)d(-1)), highly (1<k(biol)<5Lg(SS)(-1)d(-1)), moderately (0.5<k(biol)<1Lg(SS)(-1)d(-1)) and hardly (k(biol)<0.5Lg(SS)(-1)d(-1)) biodegradable. Results indicated that fluoxetine (FLX), natural estrogens (E1+E2) and musk fragrances (HHCB, AHTN and ADBI) were transformed to a large extent under aerobic (>75%) and anoxic (>65%) conditions, whereas naproxen (NPX), ethinylestradiol (EE2), roxithromycin (ROX) and erythromycin (ERY) were only significantly transformed in the aerobic reactor (>80%). The anti-depressant citalopram (CTL) was moderately biotransformed under both, aerobic and anoxic conditions (>60% and >40%, respectively). Some compounds, as carbamazepine (CBZ), diazepam (DZP), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP), manifested high resistance to biological transformation. Solids Retention Time (SRT(aerobic) >50d and <50d; SRT(anoxic) >20d and <20d) had a slightly positive effect on the removal of FLX, NPX, CTL, EE2 and natural estrogens (increase in removal efficiencies <10%). Removal of diclofenac (DCF) in the aerobic reactor was positively affected by the development of nitrifying biomass and increased from 0% up to 74%. Similarly, efficient anoxic transformation of ibuprofen (75%) was observed after an adaptation period of 340d. Temperature (16-26 degrees C) only had a slight effect on the removal of CTL which increased in 4%.
在两个实验室规模的常规活性污泥反应器中，评估了挥发、吸附和转化对 16 种药物和个人护理产品（PPCPs）去除的贡献，这两个反应器分别在硝化（需氧）和反硝化（缺氧）条件下运行了 1.5 年以上。为两个反应器中的选定化合物计算了伪一级生物降解速率常数（k(biol)）。与反硝化系统相比，大多数 PPCPs 在硝化反应器中表现出更快的降解动力学。根据其 k(biol)，化合物可分为高度（k(biol)>5Lg(SS)(-1)d(-1)）、中度（0.5<k(biol)<1Lg(SS)(-1)d(-1)）和难以（k(biol)<0.5Lg(SS)(-1)d(-1)）生物降解。结果表明，氟西汀（FLX）、天然雌激素（E1+E2）和麝香香料（HHCB、AHTN 和 ADBI）在需氧（>75%）和缺氧（>65%）条件下被大量转化，而萘普生（NPX）、乙炔雌二醇（EE2）、罗红霉素（ROX）和红霉素（ERY）仅在需氧反应器中被显著转化（>80%）。抗抑郁药西酞普兰（CTL）在需氧和缺氧条件下都被适度生物转化（分别为>60%和>40%）。一些化合物，如卡马西平（CBZ）、地西泮（DZP）、磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）和甲氧苄啶（TMP），表现出对生物转化的高度抗性。固体停留时间（SRT(aerobic)>50d 和 <50d；SRT(anoxic)>20d 和 <20d）对 FLX、NPX、CTL、EE2 和天然雌激素的去除有轻微的积极影响（去除效率提高<10%）。在需氧反应器中，DCF 的去除受到硝化生物量的发展的积极影响，并从 0%增加到 74%。同样，在适应期 340d 后，观察到布洛芬（75%）的有效缺氧转化。温度（16-26 摄氏度）仅对 CTL 的去除有轻微影响，增加了 4%。
