Van Andel Tinde
Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity, Section NHN, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Econ Bot. 2010 Mar;64(1):1-10. doi: 10.1007/s12231-010-9111-6. Epub 2010 Mar 5.
African Rice (Oryza glaberrimaSteud.): Lost Crop of the Enslaved Africans Discovered in Suriname. African rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.) was introduced to the Americas during the slave trade years and grown by enslaved Africans for decades before mechanical milling devices facilitated the shift towards Asian rice (O. sativa L.). Literature suggests that African rice is still grown in Guyana and French Guiana, but the most recent herbarium voucher dates from 1938. In this paper, evidence is presented that O. glaberrima is still grown by Saramaccan Maroons both for food and ritual uses. Saramaccan informants claim their forefathers collected their first "black rice" from a mysterious wild rice swamp and cultivated these seeds afterwards. Unmilled spikelets (grains with their husk still attached) are sold in small quantities for ancestor offerings, and even exported to the Netherlands to be used by Maroon immigrants. Little is known of the evolution of O. glaberrima, before and after domestication. Therefore, more research is needed on the different varieties of rice and other "lost crops" grown by these descendants of enslaved Africans who escaped from plantations in the 17th and 18th centuries and maintained much of their African cultural heritage in the deep rainforest.
非洲稻（光稃稻，学名Oryza glaberrima Steud.）：在苏里南发现的被奴役非洲人的失落作物。非洲稻（光稃稻，学名Oryza glaberrima Steud.）在奴隶贸易时期被引入美洲，在机械碾磨设备促使种植向亚洲稻（O. sativa L.）转变之前，被奴役的非洲人种植了几十年。文献表明，圭亚那和法属圭亚那仍有种植非洲稻，但最近的植物标本馆凭证可追溯到1938年。本文提供的证据表明，萨拉马卡黑人仍然种植光稃稻用于食用和仪式用途。萨拉马卡的受访者称，他们的祖先从一个神秘的野生稻沼泽中收集了第一批“黑米”，并在之后种植这些种子。未脱壳的小穗（仍带有外壳的谷粒）被少量出售用于祭祀祖先，甚至出口到荷兰供黑人移民使用。人们对光稃稻驯化前后的进化了解甚少。因此，需要对这些17和18世纪从种植园逃脱并在热带雨林深处保留了许多非洲文化遗产的被奴役非洲人的后裔所种植的不同水稻品种和其他“失落作物”进行更多研究。
