Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 345 UCB, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
J Cogn Neurosci. 2011 May;23(5):1247-62. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2010.21464. Epub 2010 Mar 29.
Two experiments investigated the processes underlying the picture superiority effect on recognition memory. Studied pictures were associated with higher accuracy than studied words, regardless of whether test stimuli were words (Experiment 1) or pictures (Experiment 2). Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) recorded during test suggested that the 300-500 msec FN400 old/new effect, hypothesized to be related to familiarity-based recognition, benefited from study/test congruity, such that it was larger when study and test format remained constant than when they differed. The 500-800 msec parietal old/new effect, hypothesized to be related to recollection, benefited from studying pictures, regardless of test format. The parallel between the accuracy and parietal ERP results suggests that picture superiority may arise from encoding the distinctive attributes of pictures in a manner that enhances their later recollection. Furthermore, when words were tested, opposite effects of studying words versus studying pictures were observed on the FN400 (word > picture) versus parietal (picture > word) old/new effects--providing strong evidence for a crossover interaction between these components that is consistent with a dual-process perspective.
两项实验研究了图片在再认记忆中优于文字的潜在过程。无论测试刺激是文字（实验 1）还是图片（实验 2），学习过的图片的准确性都高于学习过的文字。在测试过程中记录的事件相关脑电位（ERPs）表明，300-500 msec 的 FN400 新旧效应，假设与基于熟悉度的识别有关，得益于学习和测试的一致性，即当学习和测试格式保持不变时，它比格式不同时更大。500-800 msec 的顶叶新旧效应，假设与回忆有关，学习图片会受益，而不管测试格式如何。准确性和顶叶 ERP 结果之间的平行关系表明，图片优势可能源于以增强其后续回忆的方式对图片的独特属性进行编码。此外，当测试文字时，在 FN400（文字>图片）和顶叶（图片>文字）新旧效应上观察到学习文字与学习图片的相反效果——这为这两个成分之间的交叉相互作用提供了有力证据，与双加工视角一致。
