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Demography. 2010 Feb;47(1):163-80. doi: 10.1353/dem.0.0094.
This article presents unique evidence that orphanhood matters in the long run for health and education outcomes in a region of northwestern Tanzania. We study a sample of 718 non-orphaned children surveyed in 1991-1994 who were traced and reinterviewed as adults in 2004. A large proportion, 19%, lost one or more parents before age 15 in this period, allowing us to assess permanent health and education impacts of orphanhood. In the analysis, we control for a wide range of child and adult characteristics before orphanhood, as well as community fixed effects. We find that maternal orphanhood has a permanent adverse impact of 2 cm of final height attainment and one year of educational attainment. Expressing welfare in terms of consumption expenditure, the result is a gap of 8.5% compared with similar children whose mothers survived until at least their 15th birthday.
本文提供了独特的证据，表明在坦桑尼亚西北部的一个地区，孤儿身份对健康和教育结果有长期影响。我们研究了 1991 年至 1994 年期间接受调查的 718 名非孤儿儿童的样本，这些儿童在成年后于 2004 年进行了跟踪和重新访谈。在这段时间里，有很大一部分（19%）的儿童在 15 岁之前失去了一个或多个父母，这使我们能够评估孤儿身份对健康和教育的永久性影响。在分析中，我们在孤儿身份之前控制了广泛的儿童和成人特征，以及社区固定效应。我们发现，母亲的孤儿身份对最终身高增长有 2 厘米的不利影响，对教育程度有 1 年的不利影响。以消费支出来表达福利，结果是与那些母亲至少活到 15 岁的类似儿童相比，存在 8.5%的差距。
