Nyamukapa Constance, Gregson Simon
Biomedical Research and Training Institute, University of Zimbabwe Campus, P.O. Box CY1753, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Soc Sci Med. 2005 May;60(10):2155-67. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.10.005. Epub 2004 Dec 13.
The extended family forms the basis for orphan care and education in sub-Saharan Africa. Initial absence followed by emergence of differentials in primary school enrollment between orphans and non-orphans have been attributed to the strength and subsequent HIV/AIDS-induced breakdown of extended family orphan care arrangements. Yet, few attempts have been made to describe how these arrangements are affected by HIV/AIDS or how they relate to observed patterns of childhood outcomes by sex and orphan status. We use a combination of quantitative and qualitative data to show that maternal orphans but not paternal or double orphans have lower primary school completion rates than non-orphans in rural Zimbabwe, and that these patterns reflect adaptations and gaps in extended family orphan care arrangements. Sustained high levels of primary school completion amongst paternal and double orphans--particularly for girls--result from increased residence in female-headed households and greater access to external resources. Low primary school completion amongst maternal orphans results from lack of support from fathers and stepmothers and ineligibility for welfare assistance due to residence in higher socio-economic status households. These effects are partially offset by increased assistance from maternal relatives. These findings indicate that programmes should assist maternal orphans and support women's efforts by reinforcing the roles of extended families and local communities, and by facilitating greater self-sufficiency.
在撒哈拉以南非洲地区，大家庭构成了孤儿照料与教育的基础。最初大家庭的缺失，以及随后孤儿与非孤儿在小学入学率上出现差异，这被归因于大家庭孤儿照料安排的稳固性以及随后因艾滋病毒/艾滋病导致的这种安排的瓦解。然而，几乎没有人尝试描述这些安排如何受到艾滋病毒/艾滋病的影响，或者它们如何与按性别和孤儿身份观察到的儿童结局模式相关联。我们运用定量和定性数据相结合的方法表明，在津巴布韦农村地区，与非孤儿相比，母亲一方的孤儿而非父亲一方的孤儿或双亲孤儿的小学毕业率更低，而且这些模式反映了大家庭孤儿照料安排中的适应性变化与差距。父亲一方的孤儿和双亲孤儿，尤其是女孩，小学毕业率持续保持在较高水平，这是因为他们更多地居住在女性为户主的家庭中，并且能更多地获取外部资源。母亲一方的孤儿小学毕业率低是由于缺乏来自父亲和继母的支持，以及因居住在社会经济地位较高的家庭而没有资格获得福利援助。母亲亲属提供的援助增加在一定程度上抵消了这些影响。这些研究结果表明，各项计划应协助母亲一方的孤儿，并通过强化大家庭和当地社区的作用以及促进更大程度的自给自足来支持妇女的努力。
