Hayes Amanda, Bakand Shahnaz
Chemical Safety and Applied Toxicology (CSAT) Laboratories, School of Risk and Safety Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
EXS. 2010;100:461-88. doi: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_13.
Inhalation of gases, vapors and aerosols can cause a wide range of adverse health effects, ranging from simple irritation to systemic diseases. The large number of chemicals and complex mixtures present in indoor and outdoor air coupled with the introduction of new materials such as nanoparticles and nanofibers, is an area of growing concern for human health. Animal-based assays have been used to study the toxic effects of chemicals for many years. However, even so, very little is known about the potential toxicity of the vast majority of inhaled chemicals. As well as new or refined OECD test guidelines, continuing scientific developments are needed to improve the process of safety evaluation for the vast number of chemicals and inhaled materials. Although studying the toxic effects of inhaled chemicals is more challenging, promising in vitro exposure techniques have been recently developed that offer new possibilities to test biological activities of inhaled chemicals under biphasic conditions at the air liquid interface. This chapter gives an overview of inhalation toxicology as well as focusing on the potential application of in vitro methods for toxicity testing of airborne pollutants.
吸入气体、蒸汽和气溶胶可导致广泛的不良健康影响，从简单的刺激到全身性疾病。室内和室外空气中存在大量化学物质和复杂混合物，再加上纳米颗粒和纳米纤维等新材料的引入，这是一个日益引起人们对人类健康关注的领域。基于动物的试验已用于研究化学物质的毒性作用多年。然而，即便如此，对于绝大多数吸入化学物质的潜在毒性仍知之甚少。除了新的或完善的经合组织测试指南外，还需要持续的科学发展来改进对大量化学物质和吸入材料的安全评估过程。尽管研究吸入化学物质的毒性作用更具挑战性，但最近已开发出有前景的体外暴露技术，这些技术为在气液界面的双相条件下测试吸入化学物质的生物活性提供了新的可能性。本章概述了吸入毒理学，并重点介绍了体外方法在空气传播污染物毒性测试中的潜在应用。
