The Florida State University, USA.
J Music Ther. 2009 Winter;46(4):323-38. doi: 10.1093/jmt/46.4.323.
Behavioral contracting has been used as a tool to modify behavior in a variety of settings, and the purpose of this study was to determine the impact of behavioral contracting on the acquisition of guitar performance skills in a college-level beginning guitar class. Music and nonmusic majors enrolled in 4 college-level beginning guitar classes participated in this study. Participants (N = 27) were divided into four groups, with Groups 1 and 2 serving as control (n = 5, n = 6) and Groups 3 and 4 serving as experimental (n = 7, n = 9). A Multiple baseline format was implemented that involved 3 testing conditions (T1, T2, T3). Participants played the same I-IV-V7-1 chord progression for all 3 testing conditions. Experimental Group 3 received a behavioral contract between T1 and T2, while experimental Group 4 received a contract between T2 and T3. Participants in the contracting groups were allowed to make structured choices about evaluation procedures and reward outcomes. Data on speed increase and accuracy were collected via videotaping and analyzed by an independent reviewer blind to condition. Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were used to analyze differences in tempo and errors. A significant interaction was found for tempo and group and a significant difference in errors was found across treatment conditions. However, no significance was found between the groups for errors. Graphic analysis of tempo changes indicated that Group 1 improved tempo by a total of 41%, Group 2 by a total of 38%, Group 3 (contract) by a total of 76% and Group 4 (contract) by a total of 67%. Both contracting groups showed the biggest decrease in errors during the contracting condition, although errors actually increased slightly for Group 3 once the contracting condition was removed.
行为契约已被用作在各种环境中改变行为的工具，本研究旨在确定行为契约对大学水平吉他初学者课程中吉他演奏技能习得的影响。 参加 4 个大学水平吉他初级班的音乐和非音乐专业学生参与了本研究。 参与者（N=27）分为 4 组，第 1 组和第 2 组为对照组（n=5，n=6），第 3 组和第 4 组为实验组（n=7，n=9）。 实施了多基线格式，涉及 3 个测试条件（T1、T2、T3）。 所有 3 个测试条件下，参与者都演奏相同的 I-IV-V7-1 和弦进行。 实验组 3 在 T1 和 T2 之间收到行为契约，而实验组 4 在 T2 和 T3 之间收到合同。 签约组的参与者可以对评估程序和奖励结果做出结构化选择。 通过录像收集有关速度提高和准确性的数据，并由对条件不知情的独立评审员进行分析。 采用双向重复测量方差分析来分析速度和组之间的差异。 发现速度和组之间存在显著的交互作用，并且在治疗条件之间发现了错误的显著差异。 然而，在错误方面，各组之间没有发现显著性差异。 速度变化的图形分析表明，第 1 组的速度总共提高了 41%，第 2 组总共提高了 38%，第 3 组（签约）总共提高了 76%，第 4 组（签约）总共提高了 67%。 两个签约组在签约条件下的错误都显示出最大的减少，尽管第 3 组在签约条件被取消后，错误实际上略有增加。
