Converging effects of acute stress on spatial and recognition memory in rodents: a review of recent behavioural and pharmacological findings.

The heterogeneous effects of acute stress on learning and memory depend on numerous parameters related to the stressor, the time the stressor is experienced, and the nature of the stimuli or task examined. In the present review, we systematically summarize the rodent literature examining the effects of acute extrinsic stress on spatial and recognition memory. Converging evidence from a number of behavioural tasks suggests acute stress disrupts the retrieval of spatial and recognition memory regardless of whether the stress is experienced before or after learning. Few studies have attempted to discern whether these effects are due to specific failures in consolidation or retrieval of task relevant information. Recent studies demonstrate that diverse mechanisms related to activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and alterations in glutamatergic synaptic plasticity mediate the effects of acute stress on spatial and recognition memory. Taken together, these findings have significantly advanced our understanding of the neural mechanisms mediating learning and memory and may stimulate the search for novel therapeutics to treat stress-related psychiatric disorders.