Role of the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief in responding to tuberculosis and HIV coinfection.

The intersection of tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has eroded gains made in TB control, because previously well-functioning national TB programs have been overwhelmed by the dual challenges posed by TB and HIV coinfection. The US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), through its direct support of >2.4 million persons receiving HIV treatment and, in 2009, support of >308,000 HIV-infected persons receiving TB treatment, works closely with national governments and other partners to strengthen the response to TB and HIV coinfection. PEPFAR-supported activities fall within the World Health Organization's 2004 framework for collaborative TB and HIV activities, including critical interventions to (1) develop organizational methods of collaboration across the 2 programs, (2) reduce the burden of HIV infection among patients with TB, and (3) reduce the burden of TB among persons with HIV infection or AIDS. To date, PEPFAR and partners have made important gains in coverage and scope of HIV testing, referral, and antiretroviral therapy for patients with TB. TB screening of HIV-infected patients is also beginning to increase, although greater progress needs to be made in increasing access to isoniazid preventive therapy and strengthening TB infection control. Continued strategic integration of TB and HIV interventions into PEPFAR-supported programs is essential to easing the patient burden of dual infection, improving patient outcomes, and, ultimately, decreasing rates of TB in areas with a high prevalence of TB.