Genetic polymorphism of alcohol-metabolizing enzyme and alcohol dependence in Polish men.

Alcohol dependence poses a serious medical and sociological problem. It is influenced by multiple environmental and genetic factors, which may determine differences in alcohol metabolism. Genetic polymorphism of the enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism is highly ethnically and race dependent. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences, if present, in the allele and genotype frequency of alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B), ADH1C and the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS/CYP2E1) between alcohol-dependent individuals and controls and also to determine if these genotypes cause a difference in the age at which the patients become alcohol dependent. The allele and genotype frequencies of ADH1B, ADH1C, and CYP2E1 were determined in 204 alcohol dependent men and 172 healthy volunteers who do not drink alcohol (control group). Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP methods on white cell DNA. ADH1B1 (99.3%) and ADH1C1 (62.5%) alleles and ADH1B1/1 (N = 201) and ADH1C1/1 (N = 85) genotypes were statistically more frequent among alcohol-dependent subjects than among controls (99.3 and 62.5%, N = 201 and 85 vs 94.5 and 40.7%, N = 153 and 32, respectively). Differences in the CYP2E1 allele and genotype distribution between groups were not significant. The persons with ADH1C1/1 and CYP2E1c1/c2 genotypes became alcohol dependent at a considerably younger age than the subjects with ADH1C1/2, ADH1C2/2 and CYP2E1c1/c1 genotypes (28.08, 25.67 years vs 36.0, 45.05, 34.45 years, respectively). In the Polish men examined, ADH1C1 and ADH1B1 alleles and ADH1C1/1 and ADH1B1/1 genotypes favor alcohol dependence. The ADH1B2 allele may protect from alcohol dependence. However, subjects with ADH1C1/1 and CYP2E1c1/c2 genotypes become alcohol dependent at a considerably younger age than the subjects with ADH1C1/2, ADH1C2/2 and CYP2E1c1/*c1 genotypes.