Frewer Andreas
Institut für Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Glueckstr. 10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
Med Health Care Philos. 2010 Aug;13(3):259-68. doi: 10.1007/s11019-010-9247-2.
The "Universal Declaration of Human Rights" and the "Geneva Declaration" by the World Medical Association, both in 1948, were preceded by the foundation of the United Nations in New York (1945), the World Medical Association in London (1946) and the World Health Organization in Geneva (1948). After the end of World War II the community of nations strove to achieve and sustain their primary goals of peace and security, as well as their basic premise, namely the health of human beings. All these associations were well aware of the crimes by medicine, in particular by the accused Nazi physicians at the Nuremberg Doctors Trial (1946/47, sentence: August 1947). During the first conference of the World Medical Association (September 1947) issues of medical ethics played a major role: and a new document was drafted concerning the values of the medical profession. After the catastrophe of the War and the criminal activities of scientists, the late 1940s saw increased scrutiny paid to fundamental questions of human rights and medical ethics, which are still highly relevant for today's medicine and morality. The article focuses on the development of medical ethics and human rights reflected in the statement of important persons, codes and institutions in the field.
1948年的《世界人权宣言》和世界医学协会的《日内瓦宣言》之前，纽约的联合国（1945年）、伦敦的世界医学协会（1946年）和日内瓦的世界卫生组织（1948年）已相继成立。第二次世界大战结束后，国际社会努力实现并维持其和平与安全的首要目标，以及其基本前提，即人类的健康。所有这些协会都清楚地意识到医学所犯下的罪行，尤其是在纽伦堡医生审判（1946/47年，判决：1947年8月）中被指控的纳粹医生的罪行。在世界医学协会第一次会议（1947年9月）期间，医学伦理问题发挥了重要作用：一份关于医学职业价值观的新文件被起草。在战争的灾难和科学家的犯罪活动之后，20世纪40年代末对人权和医学伦理的基本问题的审查有所增加，这些问题在今天的医学和道德中仍然具有高度相关性。本文重点关注该领域重要人物、准则和机构的声明中所反映的医学伦理和人权的发展。
