California Tahoe Conservancy, California Resources Agency, 1061 Third Street, South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150, USA.
Conserv Biol. 2010 Oct;24(5):1367-77. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01513.x.
Biodiversity is too complex to measure directly, so conservation planning must rely on surrogates to estimate the biodiversity of sites. The species richness of selected taxa is often used as a surrogate for the richness of other taxa. Surrogacy values of taxa have been evaluated in diverse contexts, yet broad trends in their effectiveness remain unclear. We reviewed published studies testing the ability of species richness of surrogate taxa to capture the richness of other (target) taxa. We stratified studies into two groups based on whether a complementarity approach (surrogates used to select a combination of sites that together maximize total species richness for the taxon) or a richness-hotspot approach (surrogates used to select sites containing the highest species richness for the taxon) was used. For each comparison of one surrogate taxon with one target, we used the following predictor variables: biome, spatial extent of study area, surrogate taxon, and target taxon. We developed a binary response variable based on whether the surrogate taxon provided better than random representation of the target taxon. For studies that used an evaluation approach that was not based on better than random representation of target taxa, we based the response variable on the interpretation of results in the original study. We performed a categorical regression to elucidate trends in the effectiveness of surrogate taxa with regard to each of the predictor variables. A surrogate was 25% more likely to be effective with a complementarity approach than with a hotspot approach. For hotspot-based approaches, biome, extent of study, surrogate taxon, and target taxon significantly influenced effectiveness of the surrogate. For complementarity-based approaches, biome, extent, and surrogate taxon significantly influenced effectiveness of the surrogate. For all surrogate evaluations, biome explained the greatest amount of variation in surrogate effectiveness. From most to least, extent, surrogate taxon, and target taxon explained the most variation after biome. Surrogate taxa were most effective in grasslands and in some cases boreal zones, deserts, and tropical forests; surrogate taxa also were more effective in studies examining larger areas. Herpetofauna were the most effective taxon as both surrogate and target when a richness-hotspot approach was used; however, herpetofauna were analyzed in fewer studies, so this result is tentative. For complementarity approaches, taxa that are easy to measure and tend to have a large number of habitat specialists distributed collectively across broad environmental gradients (e.g., plants, birds, and mammals) were the most effective surrogates.
生物多样性过于复杂，难以直接衡量，因此保护规划必须依赖替代指标来估计地点的生物多样性。选定类群的物种丰富度通常被用作其他类群丰富度的替代指标。已经在不同的背景下评估了类群的替代价值，但它们的有效性的广泛趋势仍然不清楚。我们审查了已发表的研究，以测试替代类群的物种丰富度捕获其他（目标）类群丰富度的能力。我们根据是否使用互补方法（替代指标用于选择组合的站点，这些站点共同使类群的总物种丰富度最大化）或丰富热点方法（替代指标用于选择包含类群最高物种丰富度的站点）将研究分为两组。对于每一个替代类群与一个目标类群的比较，我们使用了以下预测变量：生物群落、研究区域的空间范围、替代类群和目标类群。我们根据替代类群是否比目标类群更好地代表目标类群，开发了一个二元响应变量。对于使用不是基于目标类群的更好代表的评估方法的研究，我们基于原始研究中结果的解释来确定响应变量。我们进行了分类回归，以阐明替代类群在每个预测变量方面的有效性趋势。与热点方法相比，互补方法下替代类群的有效性提高了 25%。对于基于热点的方法，生物群落、研究范围、替代类群和目标类群显著影响替代类群的有效性。对于基于互补的方法，生物群落、范围和替代类群显著影响替代类群的有效性。对于所有替代评估，生物群落解释了替代有效性变化的最大量。从最多到最少，范围、替代类群和目标类群在生物群落之后解释了最大的变化。在草地和某些情况下北方森林、沙漠和热带森林中，替代类群最有效；在研究更大区域的情况下，替代类群也更有效。当使用丰富热点方法时，爬行动物是最有效的替代和目标类群；然而，爬行动物的研究较少，因此这个结果是暂定的。对于互补方法，易于测量且倾向于具有广泛环境梯度中分布的大量栖息地专家的类群（例如，植物、鸟类和哺乳动物）是最有效的替代物。
