Department of Environmental Health, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, 00936-5067, USA.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Jan;60(1):132-44. doi: 10.1007/s00244-010-9538-x. Epub 2010 May 18.
Exposure to metals through fish consumption may represent a health risk, especially for high-fish-consumption populations such as fishing communities in the Jobos Bay and La Parguera areas in Puerto Rico. This study determined levels of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Se, and Zn in muscle tissues of fish from the Jobos Bay and La Parguera (reference site) areas and estimated the health risk posed by fish ingestion to local fishermen and their children. Fish collected included S. cavalla ("sierra"; n = 14), M. undulatus ("roncón"; n = 21), L. synagris ("arrayado"; n = 18), and L. analis ("sama"; n = 11) in the Jobos Bay area and S. regalis (sierra; n = 10) and L. synagris (arrayado; n = 8) in La Parguera. Only As and Hg were detected at levels of human health concern. Average As and Hg levels (μg/g, wet wt) in the four species of Jobos Bay were 0.74 and 0.10 for roncón, 0.83 and 0.09 for sama, 1.00 and 0.26 for sierra, and 2.49 and 0.15 for arrayado, respectively. In La Parguera, average As and Hg levels (μg/g, wet wt) were 0.61 and 0.12 for sierra and 1.27 and 0.20 for arrayado, respectively. At both sites, the species with the highest As levels was arrayado, while for Hg, sierra obtained the highest concentrations. A risk estimation using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standard exposure factors, and assuming that 10% of total As is the inorganic form and 100% of the total Hg is methyl Hg, predicted adverse health effects (cancer and noncancer) from fish consumption, being higher for children than for adults. However, speciation of As in fish muscle is recommended for better risk estimates. Sierra fish from Jobos Bay triggered the most restricted consumption advisories for Hg noncancer effects, where a child should not consume >1 fish meal (0.1135 kg)/month and adults should not have >3 fish meals (0.227 kg)/month. Fish consumption advisories, particularly for Hg, should be established by the local government to protect the health of susceptible populations such as children and pregnant or childbearing-age women.
通过食用鱼类而接触金属可能会对健康造成风险，特别是对于 Jobos 湾和波多黎各拉帕格鲁亚地区这样的高鱼类消费人群来说更是如此。本研究测定了 Jobos 湾和拉帕格鲁亚（参照点）地区鱼类肌肉组织中的砷（As）、镉（Cd）、铜（Cu）、铅（Pb）、汞（Hg）、硒（Se）和锌（Zn）的含量，并评估了当地渔民及其子女因食用鱼类而产生的健康风险。在 Jobos 湾地区采集的鱼类包括 S. cavalla（“sierra”；n = 14）、M. undulatus（“roncón”；n = 21）、L. synagris（“arrayado”；n = 18）和 L. analis（“sama”；n = 11），在拉帕格鲁亚地区采集的鱼类包括 S. regalis（“sierra”；n = 10）和 L. synagris（“arrayado”；n = 8）。只有 As 和 Hg 的含量达到了人类健康关注的水平。Jobos 湾四种鱼类的平均 As 和 Hg 含量（μg/g，湿重）分别为：roncón 为 0.74 和 0.10，sama 为 0.83 和 0.09，sierra 为 1.00 和 0.26，arrayado 为 2.49 和 0.15。在拉帕格鲁亚，sierra 的平均 As 和 Hg 含量（μg/g，湿重）分别为 0.61 和 0.12，arrayado 的平均 As 和 Hg 含量分别为 1.27 和 0.20。在这两个地点，As 含量最高的物种都是 arrayado，而对于 Hg，sierra 的浓度最高。使用美国环境保护署（EPA）标准暴露因子进行风险评估，并假设总 As 的 10%为无机形式，总 Hg 的 100%为甲基 Hg，预测鱼类食用对健康的不良影响（癌症和非癌症），儿童比成人更高。然而，建议对鱼类肌肉中的 As 进行形态分析，以进行更好的风险评估。Jobos 湾的 sierra 鱼引发了最严格的 Hg 非癌症影响消费建议，即儿童每月不应食用超过 1 份鱼餐（0.1135 公斤），成年人每月不应食用超过 3 份鱼餐（0.227 公斤）。当地政府应制定鱼类消费建议，特别是针对 Hg，以保护儿童和孕妇或育龄妇女等易感人群的健康。
