Gambling Outpatient Unit, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
Psychiatry Res. 2010 Nov 30;180(1):35-41. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.014. Epub 2010 May 18.
Gambling has experienced world-wide growth. The current study is the first national survey into household gambling conducted in a developing country. The sample was a three-stage probabilistic one designed to cover individuals 14 years old or older, of both genders and from all regions of the national territory; 325 census sectors were visited, including rural areas. DSM-IV-based instruments were used to assess problem and pathological gambling; individuals were asked to estimate their monthly gambling expenditure. The lifetime prevalences were: pathological gambling 1.0%, and problem gambling 1.3%. Maximum gambling expenditure corresponded to 5.4% of the household income for social gamblers, 16.9% for problem gamblers and 20.0% for pathological gamblers. The male:female ratio among adults for pathological gambling was 3.2:1. The data suggest the existence of two subgroups of pathological gamblers, one younger (33.9±4.19) and severe (7 or more DSM-IV criteria), another older (47.8±6.01) and less severe (5-6 criteria). In a multinomial logistic regression, problematic gambling was associated with gender, age, education, employment, region of origin and living in metropolitan areas. The data suggest that feeling active and socially inserted protects against problematic gambling. Individuals who are young, male, unemployed or not currently pursuing further education may be at special risk for severe pathological gambling.
赌博在全球范围内呈增长趋势。本研究是首个在发展中国家进行的全国性家庭赌博调查。该样本采用三阶段概率设计，旨在涵盖 14 岁及以上的个人，包括男女和来自全国所有地区；访问了 325 个普查区，包括农村地区。使用基于 DSM-IV 的工具评估问题性和病理性赌博；要求个人估计他们的每月赌博支出。终身患病率为：病理性赌博 1.0%，问题性赌博 1.3%。社交赌徒的最大赌博支出相当于家庭收入的 5.4%，问题赌徒的最大赌博支出相当于家庭收入的 16.9%，病理性赌徒的最大赌博支出相当于家庭收入的 20.0%。成年人性别比（男性/女性）为 3.2:1。数据表明，病理性赌徒存在两个亚组，一个是年轻（33.9±4.19 岁）和严重（7 个或更多 DSM-IV 标准），另一个是年龄较大（47.8±6.01 岁）和不太严重（5-6 个标准）。在多项逻辑回归中，问题性赌博与性别、年龄、教育、就业、原籍地和居住在大都市地区有关。数据表明，感觉活跃和社会融入可以预防问题性赌博。年轻、男性、失业或未接受继续教育的人可能面临严重病理性赌博的特殊风险。
