Retinofugal projections to the hypothalamus, anterior thalamus and basal forebrain in hamsters.

In Part a of the study, the retinal inputs to the hypothalamus, anterior thalamus and basal forebrain of Syrian hamsters were studied using intraocular injections of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to cholera toxin (CT-HRP). In the hypothalamus, the heaviest retinal input was to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), however, many labeled fibers coursed through the SCN to reach more caudal, periventricular and lateral sites including the anterior and lateral hypothalamus, the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), the subparaventricular zone, the ventromedial nucleus and the pars compacta of the dorsomedial nucleus. Some of these fibers continued dorsally into the zona incerta (ZI). Other fibers emerged from the lateral optic chiasm and traveled either rostro-medially to end in the preoptic area (POA) or further laterally to reach the supraoptic nucleus. A subset of fibers extended laterally from the chiasm to form a well-defined tract which provided input to the pyriform cortex. The extrageniculate retinal input to the thalamus was to the anterior thalamic area (AT) via the stria terminalis. In Part b, injections of rhodamine-labeled latex microspheres were made in three brain areas that contained labeled fibers after intraocular injections of CT-HRP. Injections in the AT, PVN/ZI area and POA consistently produced a small number of labeled retinal ganglion cells, whereas control injections did not. Taken together, these results indicate that many regions of the brain involved in the control of reproductive and regulatory functions receive photic informations via direct retinal inputs. These retinal inputs may play a role in the photoperiodic modulation of physiology and behavior.