Recent developments in the transcription of nonnormal speech.

Clinical phoneticians and speech pathologists have increasingly felt the need for a transcription system that allows the symbolization of nonnormal articulations (i.e., those not found within the range of any normal language, and so missing from the IPA or other transcription systems). These might include ways of transcribing disfluencies, nasal friction, naso-pharyngeal snort, as well as unusual places of articulation such as reverse labio-dental, linguo-labial, etc. An account is given here of various recent proposals in this field, concluding with the most recent set of symbols devised at the IPA Congress at Kiel, 1989.