Department of Neuropsychology, Morriston Hospital, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board and Department of Psychology, University of Wales, Swansea, West Glamorgan, UK.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010 Jun;91(6):897-904. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.01.020.
To apply some of the methods developed to study the effects of relatives' expressed emotion (EE) on psychiatric relapse rates and to test the prediction that relatives' criticism and psychiatric distress would be associated with outcome and emotional distress after traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Retrospective cohort design with correlational analyses of quantitative and qualitative measures of TBI outcomes.
The author interviewed participants in the hospital. The research assistant interviewed close relatives at home.
Participants and relatives (N=78) were interviewed 34.3+/-15.2 months (mean +/- SD) after a severe TBI.
None.
Dependent variables in a series of hierarchical linear regression models were participants' scores on the Zung Depression Scale, Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, an Anger Towards Relative questionnaire constructed for this study, and Extended Glasgow Outcome Scores. Participant-independent variables were social class, posttraumatic amnesia, Wechsler Memory Scale-Delayed Recall score, WAIS-R intelligence quotient, and a short version of the Smell Identification Test. Relative independent variables were the number of critical comments directed toward participants in the interview and psychiatric distress as measured by the General Health Questionnaire.
The contributions of variance associated with relative independent variables (predominantly criticism) were significant in stage 2 of most hierarchical regression analyses after the adjustments for variance associated with participant independent variables made in stage 1.
Future application of EE research methods is warranted. If the present results are replicated, then evidence-based family interventions developed by EE researchers to reduce criticism might also improve TBI outcomes.
应用一些研究亲属表达情感（EE）对精神科复发率影响的方法，并验证亲属的批评和精神困扰与创伤性脑损伤（TBI）后的结果和情绪困扰相关的预测。
回顾性队列设计，对 TBI 结果的定量和定性测量进行相关分析。
作者在医院采访参与者。研究助理在家中采访亲密的亲属。
参与者和亲属（N=78）在严重 TBI 后 34.3+/-15.2 个月（平均值+/-SD）接受了采访。
无。
一系列分层线性回归模型中的因变量是参与者在 Zung 抑郁量表、Spielberger 特质焦虑量表、状态-特质愤怒表达量表、为这项研究而构建的针对亲属的愤怒问卷，以及扩展格拉斯哥结局量表上的得分。参与者的独立变量是社会阶层、创伤后遗忘、韦氏记忆量表延迟回忆得分、WAIS-R 智商和嗅觉识别测试的简短版本。亲属的独立变量是在访谈中针对参与者的批评次数和由一般健康问卷测量的精神困扰。
在第一阶段对参与者的独立变量相关方差进行调整后，大多数分层回归分析的第二阶段，与亲属独立变量相关的方差的贡献是显著的。
有必要进一步应用 EE 研究方法。如果本研究结果得到复制，那么由 EE 研究人员开发的减少批评的循证家庭干预措施也可能改善 TBI 结果。
