Enns James T, Oriet Chris
University of British Columbia.
Adv Cogn Psychol. 2008 Jul 15;3(1-2):211-26. doi: 10.2478/v10053-008-0026-z.
Cognitive scientists use rapid image sequences to study both the emergence of conscious perception (visual masking) and the unconscious processes involved in response preparation (masked priming). The present study asked two questions: (1) Does image similarity influence masking and priming in the same way? (2) Are similarity effects in both tasks governed by the extent of feature overlap in the images or only by task-relevant features? Participants in Experiment 1 classified human faces using a single dimension even though the faces varied in three dimensions (emotion, race, sex). Abstract geometric shapes and colors were tested in the same way in Experiment 2. Results showed that similarity reduced the visibility of the target in the masking task and increased response speed in the priming task, pointing to a double-dissociation between the two tasks. Results also showed that only task-relevant (not objective) similarity influenced masking and priming, implying that both tasks are influenced from the beginning by intentions of the participant. These findings are interpreted within the framework of a reentrant theory of visual perception. They imply that intentions can influence object formation prior to the separation of vision for perception and vision for action.
认知科学家使用快速图像序列来研究意识知觉的产生（视觉掩蔽）以及反应准备过程中涉及的无意识过程（掩蔽启动）。本研究提出了两个问题：（1）图像相似度是否以相同方式影响掩蔽和启动？（2）两项任务中的相似度效应是由图像中特征重叠的程度决定，还是仅由与任务相关的特征决定？实验1中的参与者使用单一维度对人脸进行分类，尽管这些人脸在三个维度（情绪、种族、性别）上存在差异。实验2以同样的方式测试了抽象几何形状和颜色。结果表明，相似度降低了掩蔽任务中目标的可见性，并提高了启动任务中的反应速度，这表明两项任务之间存在双重分离。结果还表明，只有与任务相关的（而非客观的）相似度会影响掩蔽和启动，这意味着两项任务从一开始就受到参与者意图的影响。这些发现是在视觉感知的折返理论框架内进行解释的。它们意味着，在用于感知的视觉和用于行动的视觉分离之前，意图就可以影响物体的形成。
