Department of Botany, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800, USA.
Syst Biol. 2009 Aug;58(4):395-410. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syp041. Epub 2009 Aug 14.
Detailed biogeographic studies of pantropical clades are still relatively few, and those conducted to date typically use parsimony or event-based methods to reconstruct ancestral areas. In this study, a recently developed likelihood method for reconstructing ancestral areas (the dispersal-extinction cladogenesis [DEC] model) is applied to the angiosperm family Simaroubaceae, a geographically widespread and ecologically diverse clade of pantropical and temperate trees and shrubs. To estimate divergence dates in the family, Bayesian uncorrelated rates analyses and robust fossil calibrations are applied to the well-sampled and strongly supported phylogeny. For biogeographic analyses, the effects of parameter configurations in the DEC model are assessed for different possible ancestral ranges, and the likelihood method is compared with dispersal-vicariance analysis (DIVA). Regardless of the parameters used, likelihood analyses show a common pattern of multiple recent range shifts that overshadow reconstruction of events deeper in the family's history. DIVA produced results similar to the DEC model when ancestral ranges were restricted to two areas, but some improbable ancestral ranges were also observed. Simaroubaceae exhibit an early history of range expansion between major continental areas in the Northern Hemisphere, but reconstruction of ancestral areas for lineages diverging in the early Tertiary are sensitive to the parameters of the model used. A North American origin is suggested for the family, with migration via Beringia by ancestral taxa. In contrast to traditional views, long-distance dispersal events are common, particularly in the Late Oligocene and later. Notable dispersals are inferred to have occurred across the Atlantic Ocean in both directions, as well as between Africa and Asia, and around the Indian Ocean basin and Pacific islands.
对泛热带进化枝的详细生物地理研究仍然相对较少，迄今为止进行的研究通常使用简约法或基于事件的方法来重建祖先区域。在这项研究中，最近开发的一种用于重建祖先区域的似然方法（扩散-灭绝分支发生[DEC]模型）被应用于被子植物科麻疯树科，这是一个地理分布广泛且生态多样化的泛热带和温带乔木和灌木进化枝。为了估计该科的分化时间，对采样充分且支持有力的系统发育进行了贝叶斯不相关速率分析和稳健化石校准。对于生物地理分析，评估了 DEC 模型中不同可能祖先范围的参数配置对的影响，并将似然方法与扩散-分歧分析（DIVA）进行了比较。无论使用什么参数，似然分析都显示出一个共同的模式，即多个近期的范围转移掩盖了家族历史更深处事件的重建。当祖先范围限于两个区域时，DIVA 产生的结果与 DEC 模型相似，但也观察到一些不太可能的祖先范围。麻疯树科在北半球主要大陆之间表现出早期的范围扩张历史，但在早第三纪分化的谱系的祖先区域重建对所使用模型的参数敏感。该家族起源于北美洲，祖先类群通过白令陆桥进行迁移。与传统观点相反，长距离扩散事件很常见，特别是在渐新世晚期和以后。推断发生了跨大西洋的双向显著扩散，以及非洲和亚洲之间，以及印度洋盆地和太平洋岛屿之间的扩散。
