Joyce Elizabeth M, Appelhans Marc S, Buerki Sven, Cheek Martin, de Vos Jurriaan M, Pirani José R, Zuntini Alexandre R, Bachelier Julien B, Bayly Michael J, Callmander Martin W, Devecchi Marcelo F, Pell Susan K, Groppo Milton, Lowry Porter P, Mitchell John, Siniscalchi Carolina M, Munzinger Jérôme, Orel Harvey K, Pannell Caroline M, Nauheimer Lars, Sauquet Hervé, Weeks Andrea, Muellner-Riehl Alexandra N, Leitch Ilia J, Maurin Olivier, Forest Félix, Nargar Katharina, Thiele Kevin R, Baker William J, Crayn Darren M
Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.
Front Plant Sci. 2023 Mar 7;14:1063174. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1063174. eCollection 2023.
Sapindales is an angiosperm order of high economic and ecological value comprising nine families, c. 479 genera, and c. 6570 species. However, family and subfamily relationships in Sapindales remain unclear, making reconstruction of the order's spatio-temporal and morphological evolution difficult. In this study, we used Angiosperms353 target capture data to generate the most densely sampled phylogenetic trees of Sapindales to date, with 448 samples and c. 85% of genera represented. The percentage of paralogous loci and allele divergence was characterized across the phylogeny, which was time-calibrated using 29 rigorously assessed fossil calibrations. All families were supported as monophyletic. Two core family clades subdivide the order, the first comprising Kirkiaceae, Burseraceae, and Anacardiaceae, the second comprising Simaroubaceae, Meliaceae, and Rutaceae. Kirkiaceae is sister to Burseraceae and Anacardiaceae, and, contrary to current understanding, Simaroubaceae is sister to Meliaceae and Rutaceae. Sapindaceae is placed with Nitrariaceae and Biebersteiniaceae as sister to the core Sapindales families, but the relationships between these families remain unclear, likely due to their rapid and ancient diversification. Sapindales families emerged in rapid succession, coincident with the climatic change of the Mid-Cretaceous Hothouse event. Subfamily and tribal relationships within the major families need revision, particularly in Sapindaceae, Rutaceae and Meliaceae. Much of the difficulty in reconstructing relationships at this level may be caused by the prevalence of paralogous loci, particularly in Meliaceae and Rutaceae, that are likely indicative of ancient gene duplication events such as hybridization and polyploidization playing a role in the evolutionary history of these families. This study provides key insights into factors that may affect phylogenetic reconstructions in Sapindales across multiple scales, and provides a state-of-the-art phylogenetic framework for further research.
无患子目是一个具有高度经济和生态价值的被子植物目，包含9个科、约479个属和约6570个物种。然而，无患子目的科和亚科关系仍不明确，这使得重建该目的时空演化和形态演化变得困难。在本研究中，我们使用被子植物353目标捕获数据生成了迄今为止无患子目采样最密集的系统发育树，有448个样本，涵盖了约85%的属。我们对整个系统发育过程中的旁系同源基因座百分比和等位基因分歧进行了表征，并使用29个经过严格评估的化石校准对其进行了时间校准。所有科均被支持为单系类群。两个核心科分支将该目细分，第一个分支包括橄榄科、橄榄科和漆树科，第二个分支包括苦木科、楝科和芸香科。橄榄科是橄榄科和漆树科的姐妹科，与当前的认识相反，苦木科是楝科和芸香科的姐妹科。无患子科与白刺科和比伯斯坦科一起被置于核心无患子目科的姐妹位置，但这些科之间的关系仍不明确，可能是由于它们快速且古老的多样化。无患子目各科迅速相继出现，与白垩纪中期温室事件的气候变化同时发生。主要科内的亚科和族的关系需要修订，特别是在无患子科、芸香科和楝科中。在这个层面重建关系的许多困难可能是由旁系同源基因座的普遍存在导致的，特别是在楝科和芸香科中，这可能表明古代基因复制事件，如杂交和多倍体化，在这些科的进化历史中发挥了作用。本研究为可能影响无患子目跨多个尺度系统发育重建的因素提供了关键见解，并为进一步研究提供了一个最新的系统发育框架。
