Diamond M K
Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 1991 Apr;84(4):433-62. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330840408.
Data drawn from the perspectives of paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology, teratology, and normal adult variation were analyzed with nine homology criteria in order to determine the homologues of the stapedial artery in adult humans. It was determined that 1) the stem of the stapedial artery does not persist within the cranial cavity; 2) the stem of the ramus inferior is retained in its entirety and forms the upper portion of the stem of the middle meningeal artery; 3) the proximal part of the ramus infraorbitalis is normally absent and is replaced by a collateral shunt arising from the ramus mandibularis; 4) the ramus mandibularis is retained and forms the lower portion of the middle meningeal stem and the inferior alveolar artery; 5) the most proximal portion of the maxillary artery is formed by an anastomotic shunt connecting the external carotid artery to the ramus mandibularis; 6) the anterior division of the ramus superior is normally present and well developed; 7) the posterior division of the ramus superior is present in many individuals; and 8) the junction of the two divisions of the ramus superior with the ramus inferior usually migrates to the floor of the middle cranial fossa. The range of human arterial patterns, and those of all other euprimates, can be derived from a hypothetical primitive pattern that is very similar to that of primitive rodents. In this pattern, the stapedial artery stem enters the middle cranial fossa and trifurcates into the anterior and posterior divisions of the ramus superior and the ramus inferior. In their evolution, strepsirhines initially lose the ramus inferior and haplorhines initially reduce the stapedial artery stem.
从古生物学、比较解剖学、胚胎学、畸形学和正常成人变异的角度获取的数据，依据九条同源性标准进行了分析，以确定成人人类镫骨动脉的同源结构。结果表明：1）镫骨动脉干不在颅腔内持续存在；2）下颌支干完全保留，并形成脑膜中动脉干的上部；3）眶下支近端通常缺失，由下颌支发出的侧支分流替代；4）下颌支保留，形成脑膜中动脉干下部和下牙槽动脉；5）上颌动脉最近端部分由连接颈外动脉与下颌支的吻合分流形成；6）上颌支前支通常存在且发育良好；7）许多个体存在上颌支后支；8）上颌支两个分支与下颌支的连接处通常迁移至中颅窝底。人类及所有其他真灵长类动物的动脉模式范围，可源自一种假设的原始模式，该模式与原始啮齿动物的模式非常相似。在这种模式中，镫骨动脉干进入中颅窝并分为上颌支前、后支和下颌支。在其进化过程中，原猴亚目动物最初失去下颌支，类人猿亚目动物最初使镫骨动脉干退化。
