Albrecht P W
J Morphol. 1976 Jun;149(2):159-82. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1051490203.
In this paper the cranial arteries, cranial arterial foramina, and bony canals of the Cheloniidae, Chelydridae, Pelomedusidae, and Chelidae are described in detail. From skull studies and published material, the general cranial arterial patterns of all the turtle families can be inferred. Sea turtles, the Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae, possess both a large stapedial artery and a large artery supplying the orbit, which is possibly similar to the primitive cranial arterial pattern for turtles. From a primitive pattern in which stapedial and palatine arteries supply the orbit, the Chelydridae and Testudinidae retained a large stapedial artery and reduced the palatine artery, while the Kinosternidae and Dermatemydidae developed a large palatine artery and reduced the stapedial artery. The Trionychidae and probably the Carettochelyidae evolved a complex arterial pattern in which the stapedial artery was reduced somewhat and the pseudopalatine artery was substituted for the palatine artery. Pleurodires in general retained a large stapedial artery and reduced or eliminated the palatine artery. The Podocneminae, including the Madagascar species, developed a highly modified carotid canal, which is found in no other turtle group. The facts which have been presented should aid in fossil skull studies and in understanding the evolutionary background of recent turtles.
本文详细描述了海龟科、鳄龟科、侧颈龟科和蛇颈龟科的颅动脉、颅动脉孔和骨管。通过对头骨的研究以及已发表的资料，可以推断出所有龟类家族的一般颅动脉模式。海龟，即海龟科和棱皮龟科，同时拥有一条粗大的镫骨动脉和一条供应眼眶的大动脉，这可能类似于龟类的原始颅动脉模式。从镫骨动脉和腭动脉供应眼眶的原始模式来看，鳄龟科和陆龟科保留了一条粗大的镫骨动脉，而腭动脉则有所减少，而动胸龟科和泥龟科则发展出一条粗大的腭动脉，镫骨动脉则有所减少。鳖科以及可能的两爪鳖科演化出一种复杂的动脉模式，其中镫骨动脉有所减少，假腭动脉取代了腭动脉。侧颈龟一般保留了一条粗大的镫骨动脉，腭动脉则减少或消失。包括马达加斯加物种在内的侧颈龟亚科发展出一种高度特化的颈动脉管，这在其他龟类群体中并不存在。所呈现的这些事实应有助于化石头骨的研究以及理解现存龟类的进化背景。
