Jin Xiangcan, Xu Qiujin, Huang Changzhu
Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012, Beijing, China.
Sci China C Life Sci. 2005 Sep;48 Suppl 2:948-54. doi: 10.1007/BF03187133.
Current trophic status and trend of Chinese freshwater lakes were investigated in this study. The results showed that all lakes studied were commonly undergoing the eutrophication process, water quality decreased and lake's ecosystem is being declined. Most of the urban lakes are facing serious eutrophication. Many medium-sized lakes are in metrophic or eutrophic status, some local water are even approaching the hypertrophic level. The famous five freshwater lakes in China have entered into eutrophication in the condition of higher nutrient load. Lake Taihu, Hongze and Caohu are already in eutrophic state. Eutrophic lakes are mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River and Yungui plateau. Lake eutrophication developed rapidly. Among the 34 lakes studied in 1970's, most of lakes were in the mesotrophic status, mesotrophic water area accounted for 91.8%. With the nine year of 1978-1987 the area percentage of oligotrophic lakes decreased from 3.2% to 0.53%, and that of eutrophic lakes increased from 5.0% to 55.01%. Recent data showed 57.5% lakes were in eutrophic and hypertrophic status of the 40 surveyed lakes. Eutrophic trend of Lake Taihu, Chaohu and Xuanwu in the region of the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River was predicated using the ecological stress model. The results showed that in 2008 Lake Taihu, Chaohu and Xuanwu might be of eutrophication, eutrophication and hypertrophication, respectively if no control measurement is taken. Provided the pollution water treatment rate is 60% in 2030, approximately 30 billion ton pollution water would still be discharged directly in the lakes. Therefore, in 2030 the urban lakes in China might be eutrophication or hypertrophication, and most of the medium-sized lakes at the urban-rural fringe might be in eutrophication or hypertrophication. The famous five biggest freshwater lakes in China might be eutrophication if control countermeasures are taken as now. Lake eutrophication has become a serious environmental problem in China. Based on the domestic and foreign experiences of the eutrophic control technologies, both nutrient pollution control and lake ecological restoration should be carried out and this may be the guidance for the eutrophic control of lakes in China.
本研究调查了中国淡水湖当前的营养状态及变化趋势。结果表明，所有被研究的湖泊普遍正经历富营养化过程，水质下降，湖泊生态系统正在衰退。大多数城市湖泊面临严重的富营养化问题。许多中型湖泊处于中营养或富营养状态，一些局部水域甚至接近超富营养水平。中国著名的五大淡水湖在较高的营养负荷条件下已进入富营养化状态。太湖、洪泽湖和巢湖已处于富营养状态。富营养化湖泊主要分布在长江中下游和云贵高原地区。湖泊富营养化发展迅速。在20世纪70年代研究的34个湖泊中，大多数湖泊处于中营养状态，中营养水域面积占91.8%。在1978 - 1987年的9年时间里，贫营养湖泊的面积百分比从3.2%降至0.53%，富营养湖泊的面积百分比从5.0%增至55.01%。近期数据显示，在40个被调查湖泊中，57.5%的湖泊处于富营养和超富营养状态。利用生态压力模型预测了长江中下游地区太湖、巢湖和玄武湖的富营养化趋势。结果表明，如果不采取控制措施，2008年太湖、巢湖和玄武湖可能分别处于富营养化、富营养化和超富营养化状态。假设2030年污水处理率为60%，仍将有大约300亿吨污水直接排入湖泊。因此，2030年中国城市湖泊可能处于富营养化或超富营养化状态，城乡边缘的大多数中型湖泊可能处于富营养化或超富营养化状态。如果按目前采取控制对策，中国著名的五大淡水湖可能处于富营养化状态。湖泊富营养化已成为中国严重的环境问题。基于国内外富营养化控制技术的经验，应同时进行营养物污染控制和湖泊生态修复，这可能是中国湖泊富营养化控制的指导方向。
