Puste A M, Sarkar P K, Das D K
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (Agricultural University) Mohanpur, 741 252, Nadia, West Bengal, India.
Sci China C Life Sci. 2005 Sep;48 Suppl 2:980-7. doi: 10.1007/BF03187136.
In wetland ecosystem, nitrogen along with other elements and its management is most imperative for the production of so many aquatic food, non-food and beneficial medicinal plants and for the improvement of soil and water characteristics. With great significant importance of INM (integrated nutrient management) as sources, emphasizing on management on nitrogen as a key element and its divergence, a case study was undertaken on such aquatic food crops (starch and protein-rich, most popular and remunerative) in the farmers' field of low-lying 'Tal' situation of New Alluvial Zone of Indian subtropics. The study was designed in factorial randomized block design, where, three important aquatic food crops (water chestnut (Trapa bispinosa Roxb.), makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb.) and water lily (Nymphaea spp.) as major factor and eleven combinations of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients as sub-factor was considered in the experiment. It revealed from the results that the production of fresh kernels or nuts of water chestnut (8.57 t ha(-1)), matured nut yield of makhana (3.06 t ha(-1)) and flower stalks of water-lily as vegetables (6.38 t ha(-1)) including its nutritional quality (starch, protein, sugar and minerals) was remarkably influenced with the application of both organic (neem oilcake @ 0.2 t ha(-1)) and inorganic sources (NPK @ 30:20:20 kg ha(-1) along with spraying of NPK @ 0.5% each over crop canopy at 20 days interval after transplanting) than the other INM combinations applied to the crops. Among the crops, highest WCYE (water chestnut yield equivalence) exhibited in makhana due to its high price of popped-form in the country, which is being exported to other countries at now. Sole application of both (organic and inorganic sources) with lower range did not produce any significant outcome from the study and exhibited lower value for all the crops. Besides production of food crops, INM also greatly influenced the soil and water characterization and it was favourably reflected in this study. The physico-chemical characteristics of soil (textural class, pH, organic carbon, organic matter, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) are most important and contributed a significant improvement due to cultivation of these aquatic crops. Analysis of such wet bodies represented the water characteristics (pH, BOD, COD, CO(3)(=), HCO(3)(-), NO(3)(-)N, SO(4)(-)S and Cl(-)) were most responsive, adaptable and quite favourable for the cultivation of these crops in this vast waste unused wetlands for the mankind without any environmental degradation.
在湿地生态系统中，氮以及其他元素及其管理对于众多水生食用植物、非食用植物和有益药用植物的生产以及土壤和水质特性的改善至关重要。鉴于综合养分管理（INM）作为养分来源具有极其重要的意义，强调将氮作为关键元素进行管理及其差异，在印度亚热带新冲积区低洼“塔尔”地区的农田中，针对此类水生粮食作物（富含淀粉和蛋白质、最受欢迎且利润丰厚）开展了一项案例研究。该研究采用析因随机区组设计，实验中，将三种重要的水生粮食作物（菱角（Trapa bispinosa Roxb.）、芡实（Euryale ferox Salisb.）和睡莲（Nymphaea spp.））作为主要因素，将11种有机和无机养分源组合作为次要因素。结果表明，与施用于作物的其他INM组合相比，同时施用有机（印楝油饼@0.2 t ha(-1)）和无机养分源（NPK@30:20:20 kg ha(-1)，并在移栽后每隔20天在作物冠层上喷施0.5%的NPK）对菱角鲜果仁产量（8.57 t ha(-1)）、芡实成熟坚果产量（3.06 t ha(-1)）以及作为蔬菜的睡莲花茎产量（6.38 t ha(-1)）包括其营养品质（淀粉、蛋白质、糖和矿物质）有显著影响。在这些作物中，芡实的水菱角产量当量（WCYE）最高，因为其爆花形式在国内价格较高，目前正出口到其他国家。研究表明，单独施用较低用量的有机和无机养分源均未产生任何显著效果，且所有作物的价值均较低。除了粮食作物的生产外，INM还对土壤和水质特性产生了很大影响，本研究中也得到了很好的体现。土壤的物理化学特性（质地类别、pH值、有机碳、有机质、氨态氮、硝态氮、有效氮、磷和钾）最为重要，由于种植这些水生作物，土壤特性有了显著改善。对这些湿地水体的分析表明，水质特性（pH值、生化需氧量、化学需氧量、碳酸根、碳酸氢根、硝酸根氮、硫酸根硫和氯离子）对这些作物的种植反应最为敏感、适应性最强且非常有利，能够在这片广阔的未利用废弃湿地中为人类种植作物，而不会造成任何环境退化。
