School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
J Exp Psychol Appl. 2010 Jun;16(2):145-57. doi: 10.1037/a0018900.
Theories and methods from the prospective memory literature were used to anticipate how individuals would maintain and retrieve intentions in a continuous monitoring dynamic display task. Participants accepted aircraft into sectors and detected aircraft conflicts during an air traffic control simulation. They were sometimes required to substitute new actions for routine actions when accepting aircraft traveling at certain speeds or altitudes, or with certain call signs. In Experiment 1, prospective memory error increased with intent to deviate from strong compared to weak routine, and this effect was larger for altitude intentions compared to speed intentions. In addition, errors increased when intentions were general compared to specific. Participants also missed more conflicts when deviating from strong compared to weak routine. In Experiment 2, errors increased for intentions nonfocal to ongoing tasks compared to focal, and this effect was larger for altitude intentions compared to call sign intentions. Participants were slower to accept aircraft when holding nonfocal compared to focal intentions, and slower to accept aircraft and detect conflicts when holding focal intentions compared to no intentions. These findings are consistent with theories that assume that individuals allocate limited-capacity attentional resources to prospective memory tasks. Increased error for altitude intentions, together with the effect of routine strength, suggest a vulnerability to error with increased strength of association between prospective memory cues and competing ongoing tasks. Ongoing tasks that focus attention on cues may sometimes impair, rather than benefit, intention retrieval.
前瞻性记忆文献中的理论和方法被用于预测个体在连续监测动态显示任务中如何维持和检索意图。参与者在进行空中交通管制模拟时接受飞机进入扇区并检测飞机冲突。当接受以特定速度或高度飞行的飞机，或具有特定呼号的飞机时，他们有时需要用新的操作来代替常规操作。在实验 1 中，与弱常规相比，与强常规相比，意图偏离时前瞻性记忆错误增加，并且这种效应在高度意图上比速度意图上更大。此外，当意图不具体时，错误会增加。与弱常规相比，参与者从强常规偏离时也会错过更多冲突。在实验 2 中，与焦点相比，非焦点意图对正在进行的任务的错误增加，并且这种效应在高度意图上比呼号意图上更大。与持有焦点意图相比，参与者持有非焦点意图时接受飞机的速度较慢，与持有焦点意图相比，没有意图时接受飞机和检测冲突的速度较慢。这些发现与假设个体将有限的注意力资源分配给前瞻性记忆任务的理论一致。高度意图错误增加，加上常规强度的影响，表明在前瞻性记忆线索与竞争进行中的任务之间的关联强度增加时，错误的脆弱性增加。将注意力集中在线索上的进行中的任务有时可能会损害而不是有益于意图检索。
