USDA ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.
Mol Plant Pathol. 2004 Nov 1;5(6):515-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2004.00252.x.
SUMMARY The rapid global re-emergence of Fusarium head blight disease of wheat and barley in the last decade along with contamination of grains with mycotoxins attributable to the disease have spurred basic research on the fungal causal agent. As a result, Fusarium graminearum quickly has become one of the most intensively studied fungal plant pathogens. This review briefly summarizes current knowledge on the pathogenicity, population genetics, evolution and genomics of Fusarium graminearum.
Based on the sexual state Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch: Superkingdom Eukaryota; Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Subphylum Pezizomycotina; Class Sordariomycetidae; Subclass Hypocreomycetidae; Order Hypocreales; Family Nectriaceae; Genus Gibberella.
The pathogen is capable of causing head blight or 'scab' on wheat (Triticum), barley (Hordeum), rice (Oryza), oats (Avena) and Gibberella stalk and ear rot disease on maize (Zea). The fungus also may infect other plant species without causing disease symptoms. Other host genera cited for Gibberella zeae or F. graminearum sensu lato (see below) are Agropyron, Agrostis, Bromus, Calamagrostis, Cenchrus, Cortaderia, Cucumis, Echinochloa, Glycine, Hierochloe, Lolium, Lycopersicon, Medicago, Phleum, Poa, Schizachyrium, Secale, Setaria, Sorghum, Spartina and Trifolium. Disease symptoms and signs: For wheat, brown, dark purple to black necrotic lesions form on the exterior surface of the florets and glume (Fig. 1). Although these lesion symptoms sometimes are referred to as scab, they are not formally related to the hyperplasia and hypertrophic epidermal growth associated with other scab diseases such as apple scab. Peduncles immediately below the inflorescence may become discoloured brown/purple. With time, tissue of the inflorescence often becomes blighted, appearing bleached and tan, while the grain within atrophies. Awns often become deformed, twisted and curved downward. In barley, infections are not always readily apparent in the field. Infected spikelets may show a browning or water-soaked appearance. Infected barley kernels show a tan to dark brown discolouration that can be similar to that caused by other kernel blighting organisms. During prolonged wet periods, pink to salmon-orange spore masses of the fungus are often seen on infected spikelets, glumes and kernels in both wheat and barley. For maize ear rot, infection occurs by way of colonizing silk and thus symptoms first appear at the ear apex. White mycelium, turning pink to red with time, colonizes kernels and may progress basipetally, covering the entire ear.
http://www.broad.mit.edu/annotation/fungi/fusarium/mips.gsf.de/genre/proj/fusarium/ http://www.cdl.umn.edu/scab/gz-consort.html http://www.scabusa.org/
概述 过去十年，小麦和大麦中镰刀菌穗腐病在全球迅速重新出现，加之与该病害有关的谷物受到真菌毒素污染，这促使人们对真菌病原体进行了基础研究。结果，禾谷镰刀菌迅速成为研究最深入的真菌植物病原体之一。本文简要综述了禾谷镰刀菌的致病性、种群遗传学、进化和基因组学的最新知识。
根据有性态禾谷镰刀菌（Schwein.） Petch：真核生物超界；真菌界；子囊菌门；子囊菌亚门；盘菌纲；腔菌目；核盘菌科；Gibberella 属。
病原菌能够引起小麦（Triticum）、大麦（Hordeum）、水稻（Oryza）、燕麦（Avena）的穗腐病或“黑穗病”，以及玉米（Zea）的Gibberella 茎腐和穗腐病。该真菌还可能感染其他没有引起疾病症状的植物物种。其他被引述为 Gibberella zeae 或广义镰刀菌（见下文）的宿主属有 Agropyron、Agrostis、Bromus、Calamagrostis、Cenchrus、Cortaderia、Cucumis、Echinochloa、Glycine、Hierochloe、Lolium、Lycopersicon、Medicago、Phleum、Poa、Schizachyrium、Secale、Setaria、Sorghum、Spartina 和 Trifolium。
对于小麦，在小花和颖片的外表面形成棕色、深紫色至黑色坏死病变（图 1）。尽管这些病变症状有时被称为黑穗病，但它们与其他黑穗病（如苹果黑星病）中与表皮过度增生和过度生长相关的病变症状并无正式关系。花序下方的花梗可能会变成棕色/紫色。随着时间的推移，花序组织通常会枯萎，呈现白化和棕褐色，而其中的谷物会萎缩。芒通常会变形、扭曲和向下弯曲。在大麦中，田间感染并不总是很明显。受感染的小穗可能表现出褐色或水渍状外观。受感染的大麦籽粒呈现出棕褐色到深褐色的变色，与其他籽粒枯萎生物体引起的变色相似。在长时间潮湿的时期，在受感染的小穗、颖片和籽粒上经常可以看到粉红色到鲑鱼橙色的真菌孢子团。
