Upton A C
Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016.
Cancer Detect Prev. 1991;15(3):241-7.
The biomedical effects of ionizing and nonionizing radiations include responses that are known to have thresholds ("nonstochastic" effects) as well as responses that are presumed to have no thresholds ("stochastic" effects). The latter include mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects. Present radiation risk management strategies seek to protect completely against nonstochastic effects by preventing anyone from accumulating a dose of radiation in excess of the relevant threshold. Protection against stochastic effects, on the other hand, is sought by limiting the level of radiation exposure sufficiently to keep the resulting risks of such effects within acceptable bounds. For this purpose, a limit is placed on the cumulative dose that may be received by any tissue of the body.
电离辐射和非电离辐射的生物医学效应包括已知有阈值的反应（“非随机”效应）以及据推测无阈值的反应（“随机”效应）。后者包括致突变、致癌和致畸效应。目前的辐射风险管理策略旨在通过防止任何人累积超过相关阈值的辐射剂量来完全预防非随机效应。另一方面，通过充分限制辐射暴露水平，将此类效应产生的风险控制在可接受范围内，来预防随机效应。为此，对身体任何组织可能接受的累积剂量设定了限制。
