Cytoskeleton networks in basement membrane transmigration.

The basement membrane (BM) is a dense, tightly cross-linked matrix that acts as physiological barrier to maintain tissue homeostasis. Studies on Caenorhabditis elegans, leucocytes diapedesis and cancer cell invasion have shown that BM transmigration is a conserved three-stage process. Firstly, invadopodia-like protrusions form at the ventral surface of invasive cells; later, one protrusion elongates that lastly drives the infiltration of cells into the underlying compartment. This review illustrates the mechanism used by invasive cancer cells to cross the BM barrier by focusing on the role of key cytoskeleton components. We also describe currently available in vitro assays to study each step of the BM transmigration program.