Webb James L A
Department of History, Colby College, 5328 Mayflower Hill Drive, Waterville, Maine 04901, USA.
J Hist Med Allied Sci. 2011 Jul;66(3):347-76. doi: 10.1093/jhmas/jrq046. Epub 2010 Jul 12.
In 1945, a United States Public Health Service team in Monrovia, Liberia, began the use of synthetic insecticides for indoor residual spraying (IRS) and as a larvicide, with the goal of controlling malaria in the Liberian capital. In the early 1950s, the project was "scaled up" to reach the surrounding areas, and in 1953, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched an antimalaria program in the upcountry region of Central Province, Liberia. It was initially based solely upon IRS, as it was one of a series of pilot projects whose goal was to determine the feasibility of malaria eradication in tropical Africa. The malaria control project in Monrovia constituted the first large-scale use of synthetic insecticide to combat malaria in tropical Africa, and the WHO pilot project in Central Province was one of a first cluster of projects initiated to explore the efficacy of IRS in a variety of African ecological zones. These projects encountered a spate of difficulties that foreshadowed the general retreat from malaria eradication efforts across tropical Africa by the mid-1960s.
1945年，美国公共卫生服务团队在利比里亚蒙罗维亚开始使用合成杀虫剂进行室内滞留喷洒（IRS）并作为杀幼虫剂，目标是控制利比里亚首都的疟疾。20世纪50年代初，该项目“扩大规模”以覆盖周边地区，1953年，世界卫生组织（WHO）在利比里亚中部省的内陆地区启动了一项抗疟疾计划。该计划最初仅基于室内滞留喷洒，因为它是一系列试点项目之一，其目标是确定在热带非洲根除疟疾的可行性。蒙罗维亚的疟疾控制项目是在热带非洲首次大规模使用合成杀虫剂来抗击疟疾，而世卫组织在中部省的试点项目是首批启动的一系列项目之一，旨在探索室内滞留喷洒在非洲各种生态区域的效果。这些项目遇到了一系列困难，预示着到20世纪60年代中期热带非洲全面放弃疟疾根除努力。
