Galon Nadav, Zeron Yoel, Ezra Ephraim
Hachaklait Veterinary Services Ltd, P.O. Box 3039 Caesarea Ind. Park, Israel.
J Reprod Dev. 2010 Jan;56 Suppl:S8-14. doi: 10.1262/jrd.1056s08.
The objectives of this review are to describe the reproductive parameters monitored in Israeli dairy herds and to evaluate their changes in recent years. Eighty percent of the cows and 70% of the farms use the Israel Cattle Breeders' Association Herdbook and about 50% of them use pedometry systems. Intensive herd medicine is practiced in 80% of the herds by Hachaklait Veterinary Services Ltd. Herd-health reports monitor calving, production and reproduction. Causal analysis explains the effects and interactions of various risk factors involved. The average of 305 days of milk production per cow increased between 2004 and 2008 from 11,200 to 11,903 kg. At the same time the first A.I. conception rate (C.R) dropped from 43.0 to 40.7% and from 35.6 to 30.5% in primiparous cows (PC) and multiparous cows (MC), respectively. The waiting period (WP) was shortened from 106.2 to 93.4 days in PC and from 99.9 to 87.3 days in MC. The undetected heat rate per herd increased from 30.3 to 38.9% and from 33.9 to 43.9% in PC and MC, respectively. The average of days open per herd dropped from 127 to 118.4 and from 127.5 to 120.5 in PC and MC, respectively. The rate of cows open by 150 days in lactation dropped from 42% (+/- 10.2) to 34.2% (+/- 8.1) and 47.1% (+/- 8.8) to 39.5% (+/- 7.1) in PC and MC, respectively. The ratio between summer inseminations and winter inseminations increased from 0.81 to 1.04 from 2000 to 2008. The calving interval (CI) average fluctuated around 424.5 (+/- 2.0) days and 417.5 (+/- 1.7) days in PC and MC, respectively. The average duration of the dry period in 2008 was 60.7 (+/- 4.7, 47-72) days. From 2004 to 2008, the average herd rate of endometritis increased from 38.1 to 46.0% and from 25.5 to 30.1% in PC and MC, respectively. The milk fat to protein ratio in the first test day of lactation has remained steady during the past 5 years. Genetic trends in the breeding values of fertility and milk showed consistent improvement from 2000 to 2006.
In recent years there has been a small decline in some reproductive parameters, while at the same time others have remained unchanged. The farmer's economical viewpoint and management practices have contributed to the changes.
本综述的目的是描述以色列奶牛群中监测的繁殖参数，并评估其近年来的变化。80%的奶牛和70%的农场使用以色列养牛者协会的畜群登记簿，其中约50%使用计步系统。哈查克莱特兽医服务有限公司在80%的牛群中实施强化畜群医学。畜群健康报告监测产犊、生产和繁殖情况。因果分析解释了所涉及的各种风险因素的影响和相互作用。2004年至2008年期间，每头奶牛305天的平均产奶量从11200千克增加到11903千克。与此同时，初产奶牛（PC）和经产奶牛（MC）的首次人工授精受胎率（CR）分别从43.0%降至40.7%和从35.6%降至30.5%。初产奶牛的等待期（WP）从106.2天缩短至93.4天，经产奶牛从99.9天缩短至87.3天。每个牛群中未检测到的发情率分别从初产奶牛的30.3%升至38.9%和经产奶牛的33.9%升至43.9%。每个牛群的平均空怀天数分别从初产奶牛的127天降至118.4天和经产奶牛的127.5天降至120.5天。泌乳150天时未怀孕奶牛的比例分别从初产奶牛的42%（±10.2）降至34.2%（±8.1）和经产奶牛的47.1%（±8.8）降至39.5%（±7.1）。2000年至2008年期间，夏季输精与冬季输精的比例从0.81升至1.04。初产奶牛和经产奶牛的产犊间隔（CI）平均值分别约为424.5（±2.0）天和417.5（±1.7）天。2008年干奶期的平均持续时间为60.7（±4.7，47 - 72）天。2004年至2008年期间，初产奶牛和经产奶牛的子宫内膜炎平均发病率分别从38.1%升至46.0%和从25.5%升至30.1%。泌乳第一天的乳脂与蛋白质比例在过去5年中保持稳定。2000年至2006年期间，繁殖力和产奶量育种值的遗传趋势持续改善。
近年来，一些繁殖参数略有下降，而其他参数保持不变。农民的经济观点和管理实践促成了这些变化。
