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鸟类(鸽子和矮脚鸡)是否了解自己对感知决策的信心程度?

Do birds (pigeons and bantams) know how confident they are of their perceptual decisions?

机构信息

Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, Faculty of Letters, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba, Japan.

出版信息

Anim Cogn. 2011 Jan;14(1):83-93. doi: 10.1007/s10071-010-0345-6. Epub 2010 Jul 28.

Abstract

Rhesus monkeys are known to recognize confidence about their immediate perceptual and cognitive decisions by using a betting procedure (Son and Kornell in The missing link in cognition: origins of self-reflective consciousness. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 296-320, 2005; Kornell et al. in Psychol Sci 18:64-71, 2007). In this report, we examined whether this ability is shared in two avian species (pigeons and bantams) in order to know how widespread this metacognitive ability is among animals. We trained pigeons and bantams to search for a differently colored disk (target) among others (distracters) displayed on a touch-sensitive monitor. In test, the subjects were required to choose one of two confidence icons, "risk" and "safe", after the visual search. A peck at the "risk" icon after a correct response in the visual search (i.e., a peck at the target) was reinforced by food and light, while that after an incorrect response (i.e., a peck at a distracter) resulted in a timeout. A peck at the "safe" icon was always reinforced by food and light, or by light only, regardless of the visual search result. The percentages of "safe" choices after incorrect responses were higher than after correct responses in all six pigeons and two of three bantams. This behavior generalized to novel stimuli in some subjects, and even to a novel line-classification task in a pigeon. These results suggest that these two distantly related avian species have in common a metacognitive ability that allows them to recognize confidence about their immediate perceptual decisions.

摘要

恒河猴通过使用一种博彩程序(Son 和 Kornell 在认知的缺失环节:自我意识的起源。牛津大学出版社,纽约,第 296-320 页,2005;Kornell 等人在心理科学 18:64-71,2007)来识别其即时感知和认知决策的信心。在本报告中,我们研究了这种能力是否在两种鸟类(鸽子和矮脚鸡)中共享,以了解这种元认知能力在动物中是多么普遍。我们训练鸽子和矮脚鸡在触摸式显示器上寻找不同于其他颜色的圆盘(目标)。在测试中,在视觉搜索后,被试需要从两个信心图标(“冒险”和“安全”)中选择一个。如果在视觉搜索中正确响应(即啄目标)后啄“冒险”图标,则会得到食物和灯光的强化,而如果错误响应(即啄干扰物)则会超时。啄“安全”图标无论视觉搜索结果如何,都会得到食物和灯光的强化,或者只得到灯光的强化。在所有六只鸽子和三只矮脚鸡中的两只中,不正确反应后的“安全”选择百分比高于正确反应后的百分比。这种行为在一些被试中推广到了新的刺激,甚至在一只鸽子中推广到了新的线条分类任务。这些结果表明,这两种亲缘关系较远的鸟类物种具有一种共同的元认知能力,使它们能够识别其即时感知决策的信心。

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