Microtubule dynamics in plant cells.

This chapter describes some of the choices and unavoidable compromises to be made when studying microtubule dynamics in plant cells. The choice of species still depends very much on the ability to produce transgenic plants and most work has been done in the relatively small cells of Arabidopsis plants or in tobacco BY-2 suspension cells. Fluorescence-tagged microtubule proteins have been used to label entire microtubules, or their plus ends, but there are still few minus-end markers for these acentrosomal cells. Pragmatic decisions have to be made about probes, balancing the efficacy of microtubule labeling against a tendency to overstabilize and bundle the microtubules and even induce helical plant growth. A key limitation in visualizing plant microtubules is the ability to keep plants alive for long periods under the microscope and we describe a biochamber that allows for plant cell growth and development while allowing gas exchange and reducing evaporation. Another major difficulty is the limited fluorescence lifetime and we describe imaging strategies to reduce photobleaching in long-term imaging. We also discuss methods of measuring microtubule dynamics, with emphasis on the behavior of plant-specific microtubule arrays.