Role of microRNAs in cardiovascular disease: therapeutic challenges and potentials.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are short approximately 22-nucleotide noncoding RNAs that bind to messenger RNA transcripts and in doing so modulate cognate gene expression. In eukaryotes, miRNAs act primarily by causing translational repression although they may also act to destabilize RNA transcripts. During the past few years, a number of studies have demonstrated that miR expression changes as a result of cardiac hypertrophy or heart failure. Additionally, cell-based and transgenic mouse studies have demonstrated that individual miRs can affect a number of aspects of cardiac biology including developmental processes, stem cell differentiation, progression of hypertrophy and failure, ion channel function, as well as angiogenesis, rates of apoptosis, and fibroblast proliferation. In this review, we will summarize several of the miRs known to change in expression in association with heart failure and outline details of what is known about their putative targets. In addition, we will review several aspects of regulation of miR expression that have not been addressed in a cardiovascular context. Finally, as is common to all new and rapidly moving fields, we will highlight some of the gaps and inconsistencies related to miR expression and cardiac phenotypes, particularly those associated with heart failure.