Whishaw I Q, Pellis S M
Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Alta., Canada.
Behav Brain Res. 1990 Dec 7;41(1):49-59. doi: 10.1016/0166-4328(90)90053-h.
The movements of rats trained to reach through an aperture for food pellets, located on a shelf, were videorecorded and filmed from lateral and ventral perspectives for analysis using Eshkol-Wachman Movement Notation (EWMN). Reaching was subdivided into phases of locating the food and advancing the limb to grasp the food, bringing the food to the mouth, and returning to the starting position. Further analysis of the movements comprising these acts revealed a number of novel findings. (1) Most of the first phase of the movement is produced proximally, with the limb lifted, aimed, and advanced from the shoulder. (2) After the limb is lifted from the substrate to initiate reaching, it is carried to a parasagittal position so that the long axis of the forearm is aligned along the midline of the body. This aspect of the movement 'aims' the limb toward the target. (3) The digits are opened as the limb is advanced from the aiming position toward the food. As the paw approaches the food, pronation of the palm is accomplished by abduction of the upper arm. (4) As the limb is retracted, the digits are closed to grasp the food. As retraction ends, the paw is supinated by a rotatory movement at the wrist. This is the only distal rotatory movement. (5) The position taken by the second forelimb, as it is adducted to aid in holding the food pellet for eating, resembles the 'aiming' posture. The results are discussed in reference to the kinematics, neural control, and the evolutionary origins of reaching in the rat and other animals. Additionally, the results provide a framework for analysis of changes in movements produced by physiological manipulations.
训练大鼠通过一个小孔去够取位于架子上的食物颗粒，从侧面和腹侧视角对其动作进行视频记录和拍摄，以便使用埃什科尔 - 瓦赫曼动作符号法（EWMN）进行分析。够取动作被细分为定位食物、将肢体向前伸以抓取食物、将食物送到嘴边以及回到起始位置等阶段。对构成这些动作的运动进行进一步分析揭示了一些新发现。（1）动作的第一阶段大部分是在近端产生的，肢体从肩部抬起、瞄准并向前推进。（2）肢体从基底抬起开始够取动作后，会被带到一个矢状旁位，使前臂的长轴沿着身体中线对齐。这个动作的这一方面将肢体“瞄准”目标。（3）当肢体从瞄准位置向食物推进时，手指张开。当爪子接近食物时，通过上臂外展完成手掌的旋前。（4）当肢体缩回时，手指闭合以抓取食物。缩回结束时，爪子通过手腕的旋转运动旋后。这是唯一的远端旋转运动。（5）当第二只前肢内收以协助握住食物颗粒进食时所采取的姿势类似于“瞄准”姿势。结合大鼠和其他动物够取动作的运动学、神经控制以及进化起源对结果进行了讨论。此外，这些结果为分析生理操作所产生的动作变化提供了一个框架。
