Titov V N
Klin Lab Diagn. 2010 Jun(6):3-17.
Passive cellular absorption of first glucose (Glu) and then fatty acids (FA) as substrate for energy generation formed during phylogeny. Glucose transporters ensure Glu absorption; the cells absorb FA as polar unetherified FA from the associates with albumin and oxidize them at once. Later there was an active cell absorption of saturated and unsaturated (with one-three double bonds) FAs as nonpolar triglycerides as part of very low-density lipoproteins via apoB-100 receptor-mediated endocytosis. When the biological function of locomotion was established, there was an insulin (Ins) system; the latter initiated apoE vector synthesis and targeted FA transfer mainly to skeletal myocytes and formed apoE/B-100 endocytosis. The major role of Ins is energy provision for the biological function of locomotion. Ins blocks the lipolysis and oxidation of FA in the myocytes until the cytosol contains sufficient Glu, and activates its absorption from the intercellular medium. FA lipolysis and oxidation begin only in glycopenia. Activation of myocytic FA oxidation with normal Glu levels and blocked lipolysis underlies Ins resistance. This occurs with: a) activated biological function of adaptation, a biological stress reaction, and the elevated intercellular levels of unetherified FAs that are passively absorbed and oxidized by cells; b) impaired biological function in exotrophy--high dietary palmitinic FA levels, a biological reaction of FA transfer to the cells, and blockade of apoE/B-100 endocytosis; c) impaired biological function of endoecology, purity of the intercellular medium, biological function of inflammation, and synthesis of lipid transfer C-reactive protein that as a vector redirects a flux of FA from myocytes to interstitial cells that realize the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Since the formation of biological functions of adaptation, exotrophy, and endoecology occurred earlier than that of biological function of locomotion, Ins resistance is the enhanced passive cell absorption of FA, as this took place before the function of locomotion was formed. According to our described principle of biological subordination, phylogenetically later Ins cannot regulate the processes formed in earlier steps of phylogeny.
在系统发育过程中形成了细胞对葡萄糖（Glu）的被动吸收，随后是对脂肪酸（FA）的被动吸收，它们作为能量产生的底物。葡萄糖转运蛋白确保Glu的吸收；细胞从与白蛋白结合的物质中以极性未醚化脂肪酸的形式吸收FA，并立即将其氧化。后来，细胞通过载脂蛋白B-100受体介导的内吞作用，以极低密度脂蛋白的一部分形式，主动吸收饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸（含一至三个双键）作为非极性甘油三酯。当运动的生物学功能确立后，出现了胰岛素（Ins）系统；后者启动载脂蛋白E载体的合成，并将FA主要靶向转运至骨骼肌细胞，形成载脂蛋白E/载脂蛋白B-100内吞作用。Ins的主要作用是为运动的生物学功能提供能量。Ins会阻止FA在肌细胞中的脂解和氧化，直到细胞质中含有足够的Glu，并激活其从细胞间介质的吸收。FA的脂解和氧化仅在血糖过低时开始。在Glu水平正常时激活肌细胞FA氧化并阻断脂解是胰岛素抵抗的基础。这发生在以下情况：a）适应性生物学功能激活、生物应激反应以及细胞被动吸收和氧化的未醚化FA细胞间水平升高；b）外营养生物学功能受损——高膳食棕榈酸FA水平、FA向细胞转移的生物学反应以及载脂蛋白E/载脂蛋白B-100内吞作用受阻；c）内生态生物学功能受损、细胞间介质纯度、炎症生物学功能以及脂质转运C反应蛋白的合成，该蛋白作为载体将FA流从肌细胞重定向至实现全身炎症反应综合征的间质细胞。由于适应性、外营养和内生态生物学功能的形成早于运动生物学功能的形成，胰岛素抵抗是细胞对FA的被动吸收增强，因为这发生在运动功能形成之前。根据我们所描述的生物从属原则，系统发育上较晚出现的Ins无法调节系统发育早期阶段形成的过程。
