Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Environ Int. 2011 Jan;37(1):226-47. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.06.004. Epub 2010 Aug 24.
A broad spectrum of organic chemicals is essential to modern society. Once discharged from industrial, domestic and urban sources into the urban wastewater collection system they may transfer to the residual solids during wastewater treatment and assessment of their significance and implications for beneficial recycling of the treated sewage sludge biosolids is required. Research on organic contaminants (OCs) in biosolids has been undertaken for over thirty years and the increasing body of evidence demonstrates that the majority of compounds studied do not place human health at risk when biosolids are recycled to farmland. However, there are 143,000 chemicals registered in the European Union for industrial use and all could be potentially found in biosolids. Therefore, a literature review of 'emerging' OCs in biosolids has been conducted for a selection of chemicals of potential concern for land application based upon human toxicity, evidence of adverse effects on the environment and endocrine disruption. To identify monitoring and research priorities the selected chemicals were ranked using an assessment matrix approach. Compounds were evaluated based upon environmental persistence, human toxicity, evidence of bioaccumulation in humans and the environment, evidence of ecotoxicity and the number and quality of studies focussed on the contaminant internationally. The identified chemicals of concern were ranked in decreasing order of priority: perfluorinated chemicals (PFOS, PFOA); polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs); organotins (OTs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), triclosan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC); benzothiazoles; antibiotics and pharmaceuticals; synthetic musks; bisphenol A, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), steroids; phthalate acid esters (PAEs) and polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMSs). A number of issues were identified and recommendations for the prioritisation of further research and monitoring of 'emerging' OCs for the agricultural use of biosolids are provided. In particular, a number of 'emerging' OCs (PFOS, PFOA and PCAs) were identified for priority attention that are environmentally persistent and potentially toxic with unique chemical properties, or are present in large concentrations in sludge, that make it theoretically possible for them to enter human and ecological food-chains from biosolids-amended soil.
广谱有机化学品对现代社会至关重要。一旦从工业、家庭和城市来源排放到城市废水收集系统中，它们可能会在废水处理过程中转移到剩余固体中，因此需要评估它们对经过处理的污水污泥生物固体的有益回收的重要性和影响。对生物固体中有机污染物 (OC) 的研究已经进行了三十多年，越来越多的证据表明，当生物固体被回收用于农田时，大多数研究的化合物不会对人类健康构成风险。然而，欧盟有 143,000 种化学品注册用于工业用途，所有这些化学品都有可能在生物固体中被发现。因此，对可能对土地应用有潜在关注的选定化学品进行了生物固体中“新兴”OC 的文献综述，这些化学品是基于人类毒性、对环境的不良影响和内分泌干扰的证据选择的。为了确定监测和研究重点，使用评估矩阵方法对选定的化学品进行了排名。化合物是根据环境持久性、人类毒性、在人类和环境中生物累积的证据、生态毒性证据以及国际上针对污染物的研究数量和质量进行评估的。确定的关注化学品按优先顺序降序排列：全氟辛烷磺酸 (PFOS)、全氟辛酸 (PFOA)；多氯代烷烃 (PCAs)、多氯代萘 (PCNs)；有机锡 (OTs)、多溴联苯醚 (PBDEs)、三氯生 (TCS)、三氯卡班 (TCC)；苯并噻唑；抗生素和药物；合成麝香；双酚 A、季铵化合物 (QACs)、类固醇；邻苯二甲酸酯 (PAEs) 和聚二甲基硅氧烷 (PDMSs)。确定了一些问题，并就进一步研究和监测生物固体农业用途的“新兴”OC 提出了优先事项的建议。特别是，确定了一些具有独特化学性质的环境持久性和潜在毒性的“新兴”OC（PFOS、PFOA 和 PCAs）需要优先关注，或者在污泥中大量存在，这使得它们有可能从生物固体-改良土壤中进入人类和生态食物链。
