生命早期对几何图案的偏好作为自闭症的一个风险因素。
Preference for geometric patterns early in life as a risk factor for autism.
作者信息
Pierce Karen, Conant David, Hazin Roxana, Stoner Richard, Desmond Jamie
机构信息
Department of Neurosciences, Autism Center of Excellence, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037, USA.
出版信息
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Jan;68(1):101-9. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.113. Epub 2010 Sep 6.
CONTEXT
Early identification efforts are essential for the early treatment of the symptoms of autism but can only occur if robust risk factors are found. Children with autism often engage in repetitive behaviors and anecdotally prefer to visually examine geometric repetition, such as the moving blade of a fan or the spinning of a car wheel. The extent to which a preference for looking at geometric repetition is an early risk factor for autism has yet to be examined.
OBJECTIVES
To determine if toddlers with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) aged 14 to 42 months prefer to visually examine dynamic geometric images more than social images and to determine if visual fixation patterns can correctly classify a toddler as having an ASD.
DESIGN
Toddlers were presented with a 1-minute movie depicting moving geometric patterns on 1 side of a video monitor and children in high action, such as dancing or doing yoga, on the other. Using this preferential looking paradigm, total fixation duration and the number of saccades within each movie type were examined using eye tracking technology.
SETTING
University of California, San Diego Autism Center of Excellence.
PARTICIPANTS
One hundred ten toddlers participated in final analyses (37 with an ASD, 22 with developmental delay, and 51 typical developing toddlers).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Total fixation time within the geometric patterns or social images and the number of saccades were compared between diagnostic groups.
RESULTS
Overall, toddlers with an ASD as young as 14 months spent significantly more time fixating on dynamic geometric images than other diagnostic groups. If a toddler spent more than 69% of his or her time fixating on geometric patterns, then the positive predictive value for accurately classifying that toddler as having an ASD was 100%.
CONCLUSION
A preference for geometric patterns early in life may be a novel and easily detectable early signature of infants and toddlers at risk for autism.
背景
早期识别工作对于自闭症症状的早期治疗至关重要，但只有在发现有力的风险因素时才能实现。患有自闭症的儿童经常表现出重复行为，并且据传闻更喜欢视觉检查几何重复图案，比如风扇转动的叶片或汽车车轮的旋转。对几何重复图案的偏好作为自闭症早期风险因素的程度尚未得到研究。
目的
确定14至42个月大的自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）幼儿是否比社交图像更喜欢视觉检查动态几何图像，并确定视觉注视模式是否能正确将幼儿归类为患有ASD。
设计
向幼儿播放一段1分钟的视频，视频监视器一侧展示移动的几何图案，另一侧展示儿童进行高难度动作，如跳舞或做瑜伽。使用这种偏好注视范式，通过眼动追踪技术检查每种视频类型中的总注视持续时间和扫视次数。
地点
加利福尼亚大学圣地亚哥分校卓越自闭症中心。
参与者
110名幼儿参与了最终分析（37名患有ASD，22名有发育迟缓，51名发育正常的幼儿）。
主要观察指标
比较诊断组之间在几何图案或社交图像中的总注视时间和扫视次数。
结果
总体而言，年仅14个月的ASD幼儿比其他诊断组花费显著更多时间注视动态几何图像。如果一名幼儿将其69%以上的时间用于注视几何图案，那么将该幼儿准确归类为患有ASD的阳性预测值为100%。
结论
生命早期对几何图案的偏好可能是处于自闭症风险中的婴幼儿一种新的且易于检测的早期特征。
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