U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, 4200 New Haven Road, Columbia, Missouri 65201, USA.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2010 Sep;29(9):2053-63. doi: 10.1002/etc.250.
Toxicity of lead, cadmium, or zinc to early life stages of freshwater mussels (fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea; Neosho mucket, L. rafinesqueana) was evaluated in 48-h exposures with mussel larvae (glochidia), in 96-h exposures with newly transformed (5-d-old) and two- or six-month-old juvenile mussels, or in 28-d exposures with two- or four-month-old mussels in reconstituted soft water. The 24-h median effect concentrations (EC50s) for fatmucket glochidia (>299 microg Pb/L, >227 microg Cd/L, 2,685 microg Zn/L) and 96-h EC50s for two- or six-month-old fatmucket (>426 microg Pb/L, 199 microg Cd/L, 1,700 microg Zn/L) were much higher than 96-h EC50s for newly transformed fatmucket (142 and 298 microg Pb/L, 16 microg Cd/L, 151 and 175 microg Zn/L) and Neosho mucket (188 microg Pb/L, 20 microg Cd/L, 145 microg Zn/L). Chronic values for fatmucket were 10 microg Pb/L, 6.0 microg Cd/L, and 63 and 68 microg Zn/L. When mussel data from the present study and the literature were included in updated databases for deriving U.S. Environmental Protection Agency water quality criteria, mussel genus mean acute values were in the lower percentiles of the sensitivity distribution of all freshwater species for Pb (the 26th percentile), Cd (the 15th to 29th percentile), or Zn (the 12th to 21st percentile). The mussel (Lampsilis) genus mean chronic value was the lowest value ever reported for Pb (the 9th percentile) but was near the middle of the sensitivity distribution for Cd (the 61st percentile) or Zn (the 44th percentile). These results indicate that mussels were relatively sensitive to the acute toxicity of these three metals and to the chronic toxicity of Pb, but were moderately sensitive to the chronic toxicity of Cd or Zn compared to other freshwater species.
采用孵化后 48 小时的贻贝幼虫（钩介幼虫）、新转化（5 龄）及 2 月龄或 6 月龄幼贝 96 小时、2 月龄或 4 月龄幼贝 28 天暴露试验，评估了铅、镉或锌对淡水贻贝（胖紫蛤、Lampsilis siliquoidea；内华达紫蛤、L. rafinesqueana）早期生活史阶段的毒性。胖紫蛤钩介幼虫（>299μg Pb/L，>227μg Cd/L，2685μg Zn/L）24 小时半数效应浓度（EC50）和 2 或 6 月龄胖紫蛤（>426μg Pb/L，199μg Cd/L，1700μg Zn/L）96 小时 EC50 远高于新转化胖紫蛤（142 和 298μg Pb/L，16μg Cd/L，151 和 175μg Zn/L）和内华达紫蛤（188μg Pb/L，20μg Cd/L，145μg Zn/L）96 小时 EC50。胖紫蛤慢性值为 10μg Pb/L、6.0μg Cd/L、63 和 68μg Zn/L。当将本研究和文献中的贻贝数据纳入美国环保署水质标准制定的更新数据库时，贻贝属平均急性值处于所有淡水物种敏感性分布的较低百分位（Pb 为 26%，Cd 为 15%至 29%，Zn 为 12%至 21%）。贻贝（Lampsilis）属平均慢性值是迄今为止报道的 Pb 最低值（9%），但接近 Cd（61%）或 Zn（44%）敏感性分布的中间值。这些结果表明，贻贝对这三种金属的急性毒性和 Pb 的慢性毒性相对敏感，但与其他淡水物种相比，对 Cd 或 Zn 的慢性毒性则处于中度敏感。
