Massey Douglas S, Capoferro Chiara
Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci. 2006 Jul 1;606(1):116-127. doi: 10.1177/0002716206288105.
Beginning in 1987, Peru imposed a regime of structural adjustment to transform its economy along neoliberal lines. This analysis suggests that a shift resulted in the odds of international migration and the motivations for leaving among inhabitants of Peru's largest labor market. Before 1987, under the regime of import substitution industrialization, jobs at wages capable of sustaining a basic standard of living were widely available; those few who left the country self-selected for higher human capital and moved abroad to improve their earnings. Under neoliberalism, however, both employment and wages fell to levels that made it difficult for families to sustain themselves. In response, households-with the assistance of friends and relatives with foreign experience-diversified their labor portfolios away from the local job market structural adjustment zones. The number of migrants then rose, the diversity of foreign destinations increased, and migration became less selective with respect to human capital.
从1987年开始，秘鲁实施了结构调整政策，按照新自由主义路线改造其经济。该分析表明，这种转变导致了国际移民的几率以及秘鲁最大劳动力市场居民离开的动机发生了变化。1987年之前，在进口替代工业化政策下，能够维持基本生活水平工资的工作广泛存在；那些少数离开该国的人是自我选择具有较高人力资本并移居国外以提高收入的。然而，在新自由主义下，就业和工资都降至家庭难以维持生计的水平。作为回应，家庭在有国外经历的朋友和亲戚的帮助下，将其劳动力组合从当地就业市场结构调整区转移出去。随后移民数量增加，国外目的地的多样性增加，并且移民在人力资本方面的选择性降低。
