The effect of UV radiation and sun blockers on free radical defence in human and guinea pig epidermis.

Defence against oxidative damage by UV-generated free radicals in both guinea pig and human skin has been found to be mediated by the ubiquitous thioprotein, thioredoxin reductase. Human keratinocytes contain approximately 5% thioredoxin reductase in their total acidic protein fraction and also express membrane-associated enzyme activity in cells cultured in synthetic medium. The thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin system has been shown to reduce superoxide anion radicals through hydrogen peroxide to water. However, both UVA and UVB radiation, below the minimal erythemal dose, generate a sufficiently high concentration of oxygen radicals to deactivate thioredoxin reductase considerably. In albino guinea pigs, enzyme deactivation was up to 70% for UVA and 66% for UVB (n = 10 animals/protocol). The application of sun blockers SPF4, SPF8 and SPF15 to albino guinea pig skin offered no significant protection for the deactivation of thioredoxin reductase by either UVA or UVB radiation. In the human population (n = 15), thioredoxin reductase was deactivated by 54% with UVA and 36% with UVB radiation, although the degree of enzyme inhibition depended on skin phototype (I-VI, Fitzpatrick Classification). SPF24 offered considerable protection for thioredoxin reductase against both UVA and UVB for skin types I and II. However, SPF24 yielded no significant protection with UVA for skin types III-VI, and enhanced the enzyme inhibition with UVB additively. These results indicate that UVB photo-oxidation of oxybenzone (the UVA filter in SPF24) may deactivate thioredoxin reductase in more pigmented members of the population by Michael addition of oxybenzone semiquinone to the thiolate active site of this enzyme.