灯泡、膀胱镜检查和托马斯·阿尔瓦·爱迪生。

Southwestern Urology, Tucson, Arizona 85715, USA.

J Endourol. 2010 Sep;24(9):1395-7. doi: 10.1089/end.2010.0420.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Thomas Alva Edison was an icon of American achievement who literally invented the 20th century. Although best known as the inventor of the electric light bulb, the phonograph, and motion pictures, he also left a lasting legacy via peripheral developmental applications, such as endoscopes.

METHODS

A review of published urologic writings about incandescent cystoscopes was cross-referenced to writings about or from Edison. Important events that allowed transference of technology from the Edison laboratory to clinical practice were emphasized.

RESULTS

Edison was born in 1847 while Lincoln was serving in Congress; he died in 1931 when Hoover struggled with the Great Depression. Edison's life spanned the formative period of America that Henry Adams called the "coming of age." Edison received a Sprengel vacuum device in late 1879, and as usual, he was able to tweak the machine to better performance. For 5 days in October, 16 to 21, he improved the vacuum from 1/100,000 to 1/1,000,000 atm, and his first incandescent bulb burned softly. On December 21, 1879, he leaked the story to N.Y. Herald journalist Marshall Fox, and the world was notified of the light bulb. Special Christmas light visits started in Menlo Park just 4 days later. Edison patented the screw cap for easy changes, and the first bulbs sold for 40 cents (cost $1.40). 100,000 bulbs sold in 1882, 4 million by 1892, and 45 million in 1903. Immediately, competitors and specialty manufacturers entered the market. Dr. Henry Koch and Charles Preston in Rochester, N.Y., developed a smaller, low amperage bulb that could be fitted to medical devices.

CONCLUSIONS

No discussion of electricity and modern applications would be complete without some discussion of Thomas Alva Edison and his sentinel contributions. The first church, post office, and ship were illuminated in 1892. The first hotel, theater, and electric sign were in 1893. The rapidity of dispersal and secondary applications of Edison's inventions is typified by the rise of cystoscopes. Nitze used a modified Edison bulb in his second and third generation scopes by 1887-1888 within 8 years of discovery.

背景与目的

托马斯·阿尔瓦·爱迪生是美国成就的象征，他可以说是发明了 20 世纪。尽管他最著名的发明是电灯、留声机和电影，但他也通过内窥镜等周边发展应用留下了持久的遗产。

方法

对已发表的有关白炽膀胱镜的泌尿科著作进行了回顾，并与爱迪生的著作进行了交叉引用。强调了将技术从爱迪生实验室转移到临床实践的重要事件。

结果

爱迪生于 1847 年出生，当时林肯正在国会任职；他于 1931 年去世，当时胡佛正在与大萧条作斗争。爱迪生的一生跨越了亨利·亚当斯称之为“成年期”的美国形成时期。爱迪生于 1879 年底收到了斯普林格尔真空装置，像往常一样，他能够调整机器以提高性能。在 10 月 16 日至 21 日的 5 天内，他将真空度从 1/100,000 提高到 1/1,000,000 大气压，他的第一个白炽灯泡柔和地燃烧着。1879 年 12 月 21 日，他向《纽约先驱报》记者马歇尔·福克斯泄露了这个消息，世界得知了灯泡的消息。仅仅 4 天后，特兰帕克的圣诞灯光之旅就开始了。爱迪生为便于更换灯泡而获得了螺丝帽的专利，第一批灯泡售价 40 美分（成本 1.40 美元）。1882 年售出 10 万个灯泡，1892 年售出 400 万个，1903 年售出 4500 万个。立即，竞争对手和专业制造商进入了市场。纽约罗切斯特的亨利·科赫博士和查尔斯·普雷斯顿开发了一种更小、低电流的灯泡，可以安装在医疗设备上。

结论

如果没有对托马斯·阿尔瓦·爱迪生及其重要贡献的一些讨论，那么对电和现代应用的讨论就不完整。1892 年，第一座教堂、邮局和船只被照亮。1893 年，第一家酒店、剧院和电动标志开业。爱迪生发明的迅速传播和二次应用的典型代表是膀胱镜的兴起。尼策在 1887-1888 年的 8 年内，在发现后的第二代和第三代窥镜中使用了改良的爱迪生灯泡。