Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2011 Apr;261(3):157-64. doi: 10.1007/s00406-010-0151-9. Epub 2010 Sep 17.
Self/other (i.e., internal/external) source monitoring is one of the leading paradigms for the study of hallucinations in schizophrenia. The cognitive processes that underlie hallucinations are theorized to transform self-generated (internal) cognitive events into other-generated (external) cognitive events. These proposed cognitive operations also appear to play a role in producing analogous types of errors in self/other source monitoring, namely a memory bias whereby recalled material that was self-generated is misremembered as other-generated, referred to as an externalization bias. Externalization biases are more frequent in groups of hallucinating schizophrenia patients than in other groups. One source of measurement error that is inherent in the study of the externalization bias is that, even for never-previously viewed items, there is a tendency to guess an external source under conditions of uncertainty. If such guessing takes place in response to self-generated but forgotten items, these guesses will be summed along with true externalization biases in the frequency count of externalizations, producing measurement error. Multinomial modeling is a statistical technique that has been used to estimate the influence of external-source guessing in order to separate it from true externalization bias estimates. However, a number of challenges related to model choice and model validation are involved, and these challenges may render multinomial modeling impractical. We instead recommend analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), or difference score methodology, as an appropriate method for partialling external-source guessing rates (external-source false positives) out of externalization bias rates.
自我/他人（即内部/外部）来源监测是研究精神分裂症幻觉的主要范式之一。据推测，产生幻觉的认知过程将自我产生的（内部）认知事件转化为他人产生的（外部）认知事件。这些提出的认知操作似乎也在产生自我/他人来源监测中类似类型的错误中发挥作用，即记忆偏差，即回想起来的自我产生的材料被错误地记住为他人产生的，称为外化偏差。与其他群体相比，有幻觉的精神分裂症患者群体中出现外化偏差的频率更高。外化偏差研究中固有的一个测量误差来源是，即使对于从未见过的项目，在不确定的情况下也有一种猜测外部来源的倾向。如果这种猜测是针对自我产生但被遗忘的项目做出的，那么这些猜测将与真实的外化偏差一起被计入外化的频率计数中，从而产生测量误差。多项式模型是一种统计技术，已被用于估计外部源猜测的影响，以便将其与真实的外化偏差估计分开。然而，涉及模型选择和模型验证的许多挑战，这些挑战可能使多项式建模变得不切实际。相反，我们建议使用协方差分析（ANCOVA）或差异分数方法，作为从外化偏差率中分离外部源猜测率（外部源假阳性）的适当方法。
