USDA-ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Commodity Protection and Quality Unit, Parlier, CA 93648, USA.
J Econ Entomol. 2010 Aug;103(4):1250-7. doi: 10.1603/ec09309.
A series of laboratory and field studies were conducted using three lines of navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), reared on wheat bran diet and almonds, Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb, at constant and fluctuating temperature. The duration of development on wheat bran diet at constant temperature differed significantly among the three lines. Development was as much as 40% faster at constant temperature than at fluctuating temperatures, consequently the developmental duration determined at constant temperature was not an absolute measure. When the maximum temperature in fluctuating regimes exceeded 43 degrees C, survival decreased by 50% compared with the constant temperature control. In almonds held at constant temperature, the developmental rate on new-crop nuts was variety-dependent and was fastest on 'Nonpareil' almonds and slowest on the experimental selection '23-122'. Development and survival were also variety-dependent on unharvested (mummy) almonds, and navel orangeworm average emergence was earliest from Nonpareil and latest from 'Carmel' nuts, differing by 529 degree-days, whereas survival was the highest on 'Butte', 35.7%, and the lowest on Carmel nuts, 7.2%. In our trials, both the speed of development and survival depended on host age, variety and quality, indicating that almonds were a dynamic rather than a static nutrient source for navel orangeworm. Identifying the factors responsible for variation in development and survival will give insight into improving control strategies.
进行了一系列的实验室和田间研究，使用三条品系的桔小实蝇 Amyelois transitella (Walker) (鳞翅目：夜蛾科)，在麦麸饲料和杏仁，Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb 上饲养，在恒温与变温条件下。在恒温下，三种品系在麦麸饲料上的发育时间有显著差异。恒温下的发育速度比变温下快 40%，因此恒温下确定的发育时间不是绝对的衡量标准。当变温制度中的最高温度超过 43 摄氏度时，与恒温对照相比，存活率下降了 50%。在恒温下保存的新鲜杏仁中，新作物杏仁的发育速度因品种而异，'非那皮尔'杏仁最快，实验选择的 '23-122' 最慢。在未收获的（木乃伊）杏仁上，发育和存活率也因品种而异，桔小实蝇平均最早从 '非那皮尔' 中出现，从 '卡梅尔' 中最晚出现，相差 529 度日，而 '巴蒂' 的存活率最高，为 35.7%，卡梅尔坚果最低，为 7.2%。在我们的试验中，发育速度和存活率都取决于寄主的年龄、品种和质量，这表明杏仁是桔小实蝇的动态而不是静态的营养源。确定影响发育和存活率变化的因素将有助于深入了解改进控制策略。
